• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
• /
• v.9 no.4
• /
• pp.451-459
• /
• 2021

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance of a solidifying agent for recycling the fine powder separated from the nuclear power plant decommissioned concrete as a solidifying agent(SA) for radioactive waste. In order to evaluate the performance of the solidifying agent, a powder simulating the fine powder of waste concrete separated from the dismantled concrete of a nuclear power plant was produced, and the main variables were the type of binder and the replacement ratio of zeolite. The solidifying agent was evaluated for fluidity performance, compressive strength, and leaching resistance to non-radioactive cesium. The compressive strength of SA increased as the zeolite replacement ratio increased, and the SA containing 5% or more of zeolite showed a compressive strength that was 1.4 to 1.7 times higher than the acceptance criteria. The cesium leaching index of all specimens was 6 or higher, satisfying the acceptance criteria, and the leaching index of SA was 1.47~1.63 times higher than that of OPC. In particular, the average leaching index after 28 days of the 5% zeolite-substituted solidifying agent was 9.15, which was improved by about 6.4% compared to OPC, and it was confirmed that the zeolite was effective in improving the leaching resistance to cesium ions by showing stable performance over the entire period.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
• /
• v.7 no.11
• /
• pp.435-442
• /
• 2018

Outlier detection means to detect data samples that deviate significantly from the distribution of normal data. Most outlier detection methods calculate an outlier score that indicates the extent to which a data sample is out of normal state and determine it to be an outlier when its outlier score is above a given threshold. However, since the range of an outlier score is different for each data and the outliers exist at a smaller ratio than the normal data, it is very difficult to determine the threshold value for an outlier score. Further, in an actual situation, it is not easy to acquire data including a sufficient amount of outliers available for learning. In this paper, we propose a clustering-based outlier detection method by constructing a model representing a normal data region using only normal data and performing binary classification of outliers and normal data for new data samples. Then, by dividing the given normal data into chunks, and constructing a clustering model for each chunk, we expand it to the ensemble method combining the decision by the models and apply it to the streaming data with dynamic changes. Experimental results using real data and artificial data show high performance of the proposed method.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.483-491
• /
• 2021

The identification of regional collision risks in water areas is significant for the safety of navigation. This paper introduces a new method of collision risk assessment that incorporates a clustering method based on the distance factor - hierarchical clustering - and uses real-time data in case of several surrounding vessels, group methodology and preliminary assessment to classify vessels and evaluate the basis of collision risk evaluation (called HCAAP processing). The vessels are clustered using the hierarchical program to obtain clusters of encounter vessels and are combined with the preliminary assessment to filter relatively safe vessels. Subsequently, the distance at the closest point of approach (DCPA) and time to the closest point of approach (TCPA) between encounter vessels within each cluster are calculated to obtain the relation and comparison with the collision risk index (CRI). The mathematical relationship of CRI for each cluster of encounter vessels with DCPA and TCPA is constructed using a negative exponential function. Operators can easily evaluate the safety of all vessels navigating in the defined area using the calculated CRI. Therefore, this framework can improve the safety and security of vessel traffic transportation and reduce the loss of life and property. To illustrate the effectiveness of the framework proposed, an experimental case study was conducted within the coastal waters of Mokpo, Korea. The results demonstrated that the framework was effective and efficient in detecting and ranking collision risk indexes between encounter vessels within each cluster, which allowed an automatic risk prioritization of encounter vessels for further investigation by operators.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
• /
• v.55 no.3
• /
• pp.245-255
• /
• 2022

Evaluating the qualitative the qualitative process of water resources by using various indicators, as one of the most prevalent methods for optimal managing of water bodies, is necessary for having one regular plan for protection of water quality. In this study, zoning maps were developed on a yearly basis by collecting and reviewing the process, validating, and performing statistical tests on qualitative parameters҆ data of the Iranian aquifers from 1995 to 2020 using Geographic Information System (GIS), and based on Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW), Radial Basic Function (RBF), and Global Polynomial Interpolation (GPI) methods and Kriging and Co-Kriging techniques in three types including simple, ordinary, and universal. Then, minimum uncertainty and zoning error in addition to proximity for ASE and RMSE amount, was selected as the optimum model. Afterwards, the selected model was zoned by using Scholar and Wilcox. General evaluation of groundwater situation of Iran, revealed that 59.70 and 39.86% of the resources are classified into the class of unsuitable for agricultural and drinking purposes, respectively indicating the crisis of groundwater quality in Iran. Finally, for validating the extracted results, spatial changes in water quality were evaluated using the Groundwater Quality Index (GWQI), indicating high sensitivity of aquifers to small quantitative changes in water level in addition to severe shortage of groundwater reserves in Iran.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
• /
• v.6 no.2
• /
• pp.116-121
• /
• 1993

A single crystla of zeolite $Na_{78}Rb_{28}-X$ (approximate composition) was prepared by exposing $Na_{92}-X$ at $350^{\circ}C$ to 0.1 Torr of rubidium vapor, and its structure was determined by single-crystal x-ray diffraction methods in the cubic space group, Fd3, ${\alpha}=25.045(4){\AA}$. The structure was refined to the final error indices $R_1=0.082$ and $R_2=0.084$ with 353 for which I>$3{\sigma}(I)$. Only about 28 of the 92 $Na^+$ ions per unit cell were reduced and only about 14 of the 28 $Na^0$ atoms produced were retained within the zeolite. A $Na_5{^{4+}}$ cluster is present within each sodalite cavity. It is a centered tetrahedron (like $CH_4$) with bond $length=2.80(2){\AA}$ and angle tetrahedral by symmetry, and shows the full symmetry of its site. $T_d$, at the center of the sodalite cavity. Each of the four terminal atoms of the $Na_5{^{4+}}$ cluster bond to three framework oxygens at $2.36(2){\AA}$. At the centers of some double 6-rings are sodium atoms which bridge linearly between $Na_5{^{4+}}$ clusters to form agglomerations such as short zig-zag chains $Na_5{^{4+}}$ clusters. Delocalized electrons, located primarily on the sodiums at centers of the sodalite and (likely) double-six-ring cavities, contribute to the stability of the clusters.

• Koreanishche Zeitschrift fur Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft
• /
• v.1
• /
• pp.313-348
• /
• 1999

이 논문은 독일어의 겹자음회피현상을 설명함에 있어 어휘음운론에서의 분석이 보이는 문제들을 지적하고, 이 문제들이 제약에 바탕을 둔 이론에서는 어떻게 해결될 수 있는가를 보인다. 제약들간의 상호작용에서 특히 중요한 역할을 하는 것이 단일형태실현제약 (Uniform Exponence)으로서, 이 제약을 통해 독일어 동사의 현재시제, 단수, 2인칭 형태와 3인칭형태에서 나타나는 겹자음회피현상이 동사의 어형변화표 (Verbparadigma)와 밀접한 관련이 있음을 알 수 있다. 이는 규칙들을 통해 2인칭과 3인칭의 올바른 형태를 각각 개별적으로 찾아내는 어휘음운론의 분석과는 근본적으로 다르다. 왜냐하면 어휘음운론의 분석에 따를 때, 예를 들어 3인칭 동사 arbeitet에서 Schwa 모음의 삽입은 겹자음회피를 위해 일어난다고 설명되지만 겹자음이 없음에도 불구하고 Schwa 모음이 마찬가지로 삽입되는 2인칭동사 arbeitest는 설명되지 않기 때문이다. 이런 분석에서는 2인칭 형태와 3인칭 형태가 서로 아무런 관련 없이 각기 따로 존재하게된다. 이에 반해 단일형태제약은 이 두개의 형태를 동시에 비교하므로, 동사 굴절형태에서 마치 불필요한 것으로 보이는 모음삽입이나 자음탈락의 원인에 대해 이론적인 근거를 제시할 수 있다. 즉 2인칭 형태와 3인칭 형태는 보다 상위의 제약들이 막지 않는 한 서로 최대한 비슷한 형태를 가지려고 한다. 이 논문은 겹자음 회피를 위한 수단으로서 모음삽입이나 자음탈락은 오로지 이를 통해 동사의 어형변화표가 좋아질 때만 가능하다는 것을 보여줌으로써 규칙이론이 포착하지 못하고 있는 중요한 일반화를 제시하고 있다. 단일형태 실현제약의 중요성은 접두사 in- 과 un- 이 어간과 결합할 때 보이는 대조를 통해서도 확인된다. 여기서도 어휘음운론의 다층어휘부 구조에 의한 설명이 갖는 문제점이 제약들간의 상호작용을 통해 해결될 수 있음을 알 수 있다.VII-1 및 VII-2공의 3600 m 하부층은 건성 가스 생성 단계에까지 도달한 것으로 나타났다. JDZ VII-1, VII-2 시추공의 3500 m 하위 구간의 올리고세 퇴적층에서 유기물 함량 및 수소 지수가 급격히 감소하는 것은 매몰 심도가 깊어지면서 유기물이 열 분해되어 이미 탄화수소를 생성한 것으로 해석된다. JDZ VII-1 및 VII-2 시추공의 가스징후 및 길소나이트 (gilsonite)는 탄화수소가 생성되어 이동한 흔적을 시사한다.을 해석할 수 있음을 보여주는 것으로 평가된다. 다만 PLAYMAKER2가 보다 신뢰할 만한 퇴적환경 해석을 위한 전문가 시스템으로 구축되기 위해서는 향후 많은 퇴적학 전문가들이 추가로 참여하여 기존 규칙들을 재검증하고 새로운 규칙들을 첨가함으로써 보디 세련된 지식베이스를 개발하여야 할 것으로 판단된다.이며 세 개의 산소가 이루는 평면에서 $1.68{\AA}$ 소다라이트내로 이동하여 위치한다. 32개의 $Tl^{+}$ 이온은 결정학적 자리 II에 존재하고 있으며 산소와의 결합거리를 $2.70(1){\AA}$을 유지하면서 큰 동공속으로 $1.48{\AA}$ 이동하여 위치한다. 약 18개의 $Tl^+$ 이온은 결정학적 자리III에, 또 다른 10개의 $Tl^+$ 이온은 결정학적 자리III'에 존재하고 골조 산소와 각각 $2.86(2){\AA},\;2.96(4){\AA}$의 결합거리를 이룬다.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
• /
• v.44 no.3
• /
• pp.341-349
• /
• 2017

Blood decontamination is an important factor in success of the orthodontic bracket. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the shear bond strength affected by blood decontamination. The shear bond strength was measured on blood decontamination before and after primer photopolymerization. And the adhesive remnants type and surface patterns was evaluated under scanning electron microscopy. A total of 50 human premolars were prepared. Group I was attached using conventional resin-acid etching method as control group. Group II and III were blood contaminated before curing primer and groups IV and V were blood contaminated after curing primer. Group II and IV were treated only with cotton pellet and Groups III and V were treated with cotton pellet after water washing. The mean shear bond strengths were in the order of groups I, V, III, II, and IV. In scanning electron micrographs group III and V showed more uniform surface than group II and IV. The ARI was significantly different between the control group and the experimental groups (p <0.05).

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.22-27
• /
• 2000

Amorphous FeCoSiB films with high saturation magnetostriction and excellent soft magnetic properties have been studied to evaluate their strain sensitivity. Films were subjected to a strain by bending of their substrates, which caused a change in the magnetic anisotropy of films via magnetoelastic coupling. Films were exhibited a figure of merit $F=({\Delta}{\mu}/{\mu})/{\varepsilon}$ (change in film permeability $\mu$ per unit strain $\varepsilon$) of $1.2{\times}10^5$, which is comparable with that of amorphous ribbons. To make a study of application of magnetostrictive films as strain sensor elements, we have prepared a micro-patterned film by means of the photolithography and ion milling processes. Impedance change in the patterned films, when strain was applied, was measured over the frequency range from 1 MHz to 1 GHz. Reflecting a large value of figure of merit F, a variation of 46% impedance of films was shown at 100 MHz frequency when a strain of $300{\times}10^{-6}$ was applied.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.11 no.4
• /
• pp.496-502
• /
• 2004

Purified acorn starch was obtained from alkali precipitation method. Acorn amylose and acorn amylopectin were fractionated from purified acorn starch by butanol improvement method. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) was used to measure molecular weight distribution of acorn starch, acorn amylose, acorn amylopectin and corn starch, corn amylose, corn amylopectin. GPC measurement diagrams were obtained by each retention time. And then, we used DMSO and DMF as solvent, pullulan as standard material. We calculated the Number-average molar mass (Mn), Weight-average molar mass (Mw) and polydispersity from molecular weight distribution of each sample. As a result of estimating molecular weight using GPC, Mw of amylose has small value than Mw of amylopectin. From this fact, the molecular structural aspects of amylose and amylopectin were predicted and it was in good agrement with the tendency of polydispersity by GPC. The polydispersity of starch had big value than amylose and amylopectin, from this result, it might be known that the range of molecular weight appeared broad by heterogeneous properties of two components. The viscosity of purified acorn starch, amylose, amylopectin seperated from acorn starch, was decreased by increasing the shear rate and raising the temperature exponentially. Acorn starch solutions exhibited pseudoplastic power law fluid behavior.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
• /
• v.19 no.5
• /
• pp.616-623
• /
• 2003

Waxy barley brans were collected during the pearling process. The extraction of $\beta$-glucan from barley bran was effected by the extraction conditions. The $\beta$-glucan content increased with temperature, but not with pH. The highest yield, 6.5%, was achieved at pH 7.0 and 55$^{\circ}C$. At pH 10 and 45$^{\circ}C$, 48.5% of the $\beta$-glucan in barley bran was recovered in the gum product, with 54.6% purity. The protein and starch contaminations were high, reaching 13.6 and 23.7%, respectively. The $\beta$-glucan content was greatest in the subaleurone and aleurone regions (bran fractions 1, 2, 3 and 4), and declined considerably toward the inner layers. A monosaccharide analysis of the purified, $\beta$-glucan, from bran fractions 1, 2, 3 and 4, indicated that glucose constituted the majority of the gum. The small amounts of the arabinose and xylose found in the gum may indicate the presence of arabinoxylans as minor constituents. The molecular weights of the $\beta$-glucans isolated from bran fractions 1,2 and 3 were found to be 4.09${\times}$10$^{5}$ ∼-4.41${\times}$10$^{5}$ . The major glycosidic linkages of the $\beta$-glucans demonstrated the presence of 2, 4, 6-Me-Glc and 2, 3, 6-Me-Glc. When flow behaviors of barley bran $\beta$-glucan were examined, $\beta$-glucan exhibited pseudoplastic fluid properties.