• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.893-920
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• 2012

This study is to investigate causal relationship between individual life satisfaction and air pollution, using ordered probit model with the KLIPS panel dataset for 1998-2008. As determinants, both individual economic and socio-demographic characteristics are considered. Empirical results show that the degree of air pollution has negative effects on individual life satisfaction. The effects of other variables are similar to those of existing studies. This study found that life satisfaction increases along with income increase. However, at a certain point, the increase of life satisfaction becomes smaller even with an increase in income, indicating non-linear effect. It implies that the Easterlin's paradox can be applied to Korea's case. The increase of the other person's income measured by income per capita in the region where respondent resides has negative effects on life satisfaction. On the other hand, a person who has married, own house, stayed healthy, and highly been educated is likely to have higher life satisfaction. Additionally, a person with many household members, urban resident, unemployed or self-employed are negatively correlated with life satisfaction.

• Proceedings of the Safety Management and Science Conference
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• 2012.11a
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• pp.493-497
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• 2012

개인투자자들은 자신이 지지한 정당이 집권을 하였을 경우 경제상황이 좋아질 것이라는 기대감(expectation)을 갖게 된다. 이에 따라 개인투자자들은 지지한 정당이 집권하였을 때, 경제의 불확실성(uncertainty)이 줄어들고 주가도 상승할 것이라고 믿는 경향이 있다. 이러한 개인투자자들은 실제로 주식투자 규모를 늘려가는 상황을 만들며, 소형주(small cap)를 비롯하여 가치주(value stocks), 경기민감주 등에 대한 투자규모를 늘리는 경우가 흔히 발생하고 있다. 이와 같은 새로운 정부에 대한 기대감이 반영되면서 새로운 정부의 집권 초기에 이들 개인투자자들은 주식보유기간을 보다 길게 가져가려는 경향도 보인다. 반면에 개인투자자들의 경우 자신이 지지하지 않는 집권정부가 들어섰을 때 경제의 불확실성(uncertainty)이 증가한다고 판단하여 보유주식을 처분하려는 경향이 증대되고 있다. 한국의 경우 개인투자자들의 투표성향이 체감 소득수준 및 집권정부별 경제정책에 따라 영향을 받을 수 있는 것으로 나타나 주가수익률 등의 움직임에 주목할 필요가 있다고 판단된다.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.51
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• pp.5-28
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• 2002

The purpose of this paper is to examine the issues and the characteristics of the recent social security pension debate in the United States. For the purpose the transforming process from the funded system to the pay-as-you-go system in the 1930s, three alternatives of social security reform proposed by the Social Security Administration in 1996, and the other various alternatives proposed by the politicians, the business leaders and the scholars were analysed. While the alternatives were compared, the critical issues could be identified. The core issues were as follows. First, the individual accounts should be newly made or not? Second, who is the main administrator, government or private investment companies? Third, what is important, the inter-generational and the vertical income redistribution effect or the individual equity in social security pension system? Besides, the different positions of the social forces were also examined. The supporters of privatizing the social security pension, supporters of IA and PSA, prefer the value of equity, the effect of promoting savings, the private management of the social security funds, and the investment of the funds to the private capital markets. The supporters of pay-as-you-go system, supporters of MB, prefer the inter-generational and the vertical income redistribution effect of social security pension, and were convinced that fundamental changes of the systems are not necessary, and the insolvency problem could be overcome through a few reform, for example, increasing the rate and decreasing the benefits.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.75-93
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• 2024

This study examines the impact of moving to an opportunity-rich area on an individual's wage income to identify the relationship between regional disparities in opportunities throughout a person's life cycle and life outcomes. Based on the Graduate Occupational Mobility Survey (GOMS) provided by the Korea Employment Information Service, individuals with similar life experience prior to regional mobility were selected and analyzed using the Propensity Score Matching (PSM) method. Specifically, the life cycle was classified into stages such as pre-high school, university entrance period, and employment period. Then, a path model was established to analyze regional mobility, education, employment, and wage income by life cycle stage. The analysis results indicate that the life cycle stage where regional mobility had the greatest impact on an individual's economic performance, that is, the stage where the impact of opportunity disparities was most unequal, was the university entrance period. Additionally, moving to an opportunity-rich area was a critical factor that cumulatively affected subsequent life. Hence, pre-high school mobility was also noteworthy as it induced life in the central area later on. Lastly, while parental income itself was influential, but when combined with regional mobility, it could act as a means of transferring wealth to the next generation. These results suggest that the state should strive to alleviate the regional imbalance around universities by fostering universities outside the capital region and reduce the possibility of the influence of parents' socio-economic background on regional mobility.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.67 no.1
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• pp.215-237
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• 2015

This paper aims to check the multi-pillar pension system in Korea. That is why, We analyzed the insured status of people in terms of multi-pillar pension system including National Pension Service, Private Pension, Retirement Pension over time. The main findings are as follows; firstly, the 'multi-pillar type'(27.7%), the 'public pension type'(12.8%) and the 'insecure type'(59.6%) have been formed. Secondly, any socio-demographic factors like labor market status, gender, age et cetera could not guarantee the pension right for multi-pillar system. As a result, we emphasize that including the 'insecure type' into public pension schemes is a prerequisite for establishing the multi-pillar pension system.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.87-114
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• 2009

Most previous studies on income inequality have limitations in reflecting recent changes and heterogeneity in women's working patterns and their family structure by regarding them as a homogeneous group. This study aims to investigate the trends of income inequality among women during the past 9 years since 1997 and to examine what is the most influential factor on these changes. The results show that the overall trend of income inequality among women is decreasing due to the income decrease of the middle class women and the income increase of the lower class. Among various factors, education, age, and marital status are key factors affecting inequality changes during this period. This study has the following policy implications: first, it is necessary to implement the child care services for the divorced and separated women, who are more likely to fall in poverty. Second, the increase of the basic pension benefits is needed particularly for the poor old women, who is more likely live longer in a desperate status.

• Journal of International Area Studies (JIAS)
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.315-338
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• 2009

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the situation of bi-polarized consumption in China before and after the global financial crisis, to find the factors causing bi-polarized consumption, and to suggest some policies for Korean enterprises. The findings are as follows. First, before the global financial crisis, in China, there were bi-polarized consumption among classes, and between urban and rural areas, and bi-polarization of individual consumption. The sales of both low price goods and high price goods increased more than that of middle price goods. Second, after the global financial crisis, the trend of bi-polarized consumption in China is stronger than those of other countries. The sales of both low price goods and high price goods in China increase more than in other countries. Third, the factors causing bi-polarized consumption are bi-polarized income, black and grey incomes, "Mianz" culture, the increase of unemployment, and the changing form of family. Especially, the level of formal income is not only high, but the level of black and grey income is also very high. And "Mianz" culture means the conspicuous consumption. The degree of the conspicuous consumption of China is very high in comparison with other countries because "Mianz" culture is strong. Finally, the paper suggests strategies appropriate for bi-polarized consumption with Chinese characteristics.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2020.11a
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• pp.87-92
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• 2020

국민소득 증대, 개인 여가문화 확산 등으로 바닷가를 찾는 국민들이 늘어남에 따라 안전사고도 꾸준히 증가하고 있다. 이 연구에서는 연안사고 발생현황을 다각적으로 분석하고, 사고를 예방하고 인명피해를 줄일 수 있는 방법으로 개인안전장비인 구명조끼 착용의 중요성에 대해 연구하였다.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.215-232
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• 2017

[Purpose] The purpose of this study is to point out the issue of pensions and retirement income tax which were amended from 2012 to 2016 and present a rational and intellectual improvement to this issue. [Methodology] This study was carried out a literature survey about the tax laws of pension income and retirement income. In order to confirm the differences between the case-by-case tax burden, calculated the effect of tax burden by presenting the examples in the case of retirement income. [Findings] It is necessary to apply the differential multiples in accordance with the seniority when leaving the company rather than applying the five times or 12 times in the tax base as the current retirement income tax. Also, It should be given the flexibility of pension income to ease the requirements of inevitable temporary receipt of a pension income. In addition, it is needed to expand separate taxation threshold which is current 12 million won. Finally, the annual limit of tax incentives for IRP should be increased significantly more than the current 7 million won. [Implications] The improvement of the study is to offer suggestions on the revision of retirement income and pension income taxation to the tax authorities or National Pension Service and retirement pension providers. The result of this study is expected to be used as reference to develop policy options on the legislative process.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.721-739
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• 2015

The importance of the old age income security will increase for an aging society due to the deepening income polarization. The National Pension(NP) is a representative Social Security scheme in charge of old age income security as well as income redistribution for the insured. Studies by Kim (2002), Kim et al. (2003), and Hong (2013) have reported the possibility of unsatisfactory income redistribution of the NP. Recently Choi (2015) attributed those results to an unnoticed defect in the benefit formula. This study is a test for the unsatisfactory income redistribution of the current National Pension using early participants who have now become pensioners. The method aggregates cohorts and combines individual history data before the year 2013 and the results of the actuarial projection model of the 2013 after the year 2014. The results are divided by measures taken. The redistribution is obviously progressive by the income replacement rate; however, it is significantly regressive when measured by the net benefit theoretically as more plausible. Considering the effect of differing lifetime contribution year among income classes, the regressive redistribution will prevail more in the future pensioners.