• Applied Microscopy
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.81-87
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• 2005

To evaluate the effects of ingestion of alcoholic drinks on the toxicities of industrial compounds, cyclohexane (CH) was intraperitoneally administrated to rats (1.56 g/kg body weght), which had been ingested 15% ethanol for up to 6 weeks, 4 times by once a day and every other day. Following the last treatment of ethanol or CH, blood and lung tissues were collected during 24 hours prior to sacrifice of animals. Comparing with the control group, the lung weight per body weight (%) and the protein content in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were increased in the ethanol-pretreated group, and the glucose-6-phosphatase activity in lung tissues was decreased in the CH-treated group. In a morphological observations, pulmonary embolus were found in the CH-treated group, whereas a partial pulmonary atelectasis and a much increase in pulmonary embolus were shown in the CH-treated group after pretreated with ethanol for 6 weeks. In conclusion, these results indicate that ethanol pretreatment could enhance CH metabolism and that CH treatment with ethanol pretreatment could induce lung injury due to the increased CH metabolism.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.49-56
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• 2018

Purpose: Glufosinate ammonium poisoning can cause seizures, even after a symptom-free period. This study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between serum neuron specific enolase (NSE) level and the occurrence of seizures in patients with acute glufosinate ammonium poisoning. Methods: For this retrospective observational study, data from patients diagnosed with acute glufosinate ammonium poisoning were collected between January 2016 and June 2016. Serum NSE was measured within 2 hours of arrival at the emergency department. The patients were divided into a seizure group and a non-seizure group. Results: The seizure group included eight of the 15 total patients (53.3%). The serum NSE level was significantly higher in the seizure group than in the non-seizure group ($32.4{\pm}11.9ng/mL$ vs. $19.5{\pm}5ng/mL$, p=0.019). The amount of glufosinate ingested and initial and peak serum ammonia levels were significantly higher in the seizure group than in the non-seizure group. There was no significant difference in the area under the curve of the serum NSE level or the initial and peak serum ammonia levels in terms of predicting the occurrence of seizures. Conclusion: In acute glufosinate poisoning, initial serum NSE levels may help in prediction of seizures.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.437-445
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• 1995

This experiment was carried out to study the preventive effect of cysteine on the toxicities of captafol to the hematological and serum biochemical values. A single dose of captafol(5mg/kg BW, ip) was given to male Sprague-Dawley rats and its toxicities were evalutated by body weitht changes, autopsy findings, absolute organ weight, and hematological and serum biochemical parameters. The single dose of captafol caused significant decreases in body weitht, and absolute liver weight, as-cites, fibrin clot in abdominal cavity, adhesion of liver lobes significant elevation of number of RBC, hemoglobin concentration and serum AST activity, and decreased of serum phospholipid level. Where as cysteine(over 58mg/kg BW) given immediately after captafol appeared to prevent the ascites, fibrin clot in abdominal cavity and liver lobe adhesion. It also prevented the liver and blood, especially RBC toxicites. The results suggest that cysteine and other compounds containing sulfhydryl groups may protect the subjects from captafol-induced toxicity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.77-83
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• 1981

Four-day bioassay method was used in this study to find out toxicity levels of DDT and PCP. From this study it was found that M. chrysophekadion was the most sensitive to DDT with a 96 h-TL sub(m) value of 0.0044 mg/l followed by P. Sutchi with a 96 h-TL sub(m) value of 0.0056 mg/l, and the most resistant was C. Siamensis with a 96 h-TL sub(m) value of 0.0133 mg/l. In the case of PCP, it was also found that M. Chrysophekadion and P. Sutchi were the first and second most sensitive to PCP with a 96 h-TL sub(m) value of 0.065mg/l PCP and 0.125mg/l PCP respectively, as in the case of DDT study. T. Nilotica was found to be the most resistant to PCP with a 96 h-TL sub(m) value of 0.264mg/l PCP. The resistant power of fish to pollution varies with the species of fish and the types of pollutants. In order of decreasing sensitivity of fish to DDT based on TL sub(m), the following sequence is obtained M. Chrysophekadion, P. Sutchi, T Nilotica, P. Gonionotus, K. Bicirrhis, L. Bicolor, C. Carpio, R. Heteromorpha, C. Siamensis while in the case of PCP, M. Chrysophekadion, P. sutchi, L. Bicolor, K. Bicirrhis, P. Gonionotus (R. Heteromorpha, R. Trilineata), C. Siamensis, C. Carpio, T. Nilotica.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.280-288
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• 2008

Purpose: To identify the inter-fractional shift pattern and to assess an adequate treatment margin in the radiotherapy of a liver tumor using mega-voltage computed tomography (MVCT) of a tomotherapy unit. Materials and Methods: Twenty-six patients were treated for liver tumors by tomotherapy from April 2006 to August 2007. The MVCT images of each patient were analyzed from the $1^{st}$ to the $10^{th}$ fraction for the assessment of the daily liver shift by four groups based on Couinard's proposal. Daily setup errors were corrected by bony landmarks as a prerequisite. Subsequently, the anterior-, posterior-, right-, and left shifts of the liver edges were measured by maximum linear discrepancies between the kilo-voltage computed tomography (KVCT) image and MVCT image. All data were set in the 2-dimensional right angle coordinate system of the transverse section of each patient's body. Results: The liver boundary shift had different patterns for each group. In group II (segment 2, 3, and 4), the anterior mean shift was $2.80{\pm}1.73\;mm$ outwards, while the left mean shift was $2.23{\pm}1.37\;mm$ inwards. In group IV (segment 7 and 8), the anterior-, posterior-, right-, and left mean shifts were $0.15{\pm}3.93\;mm$ inwards, $3.15{\pm}6.58\;mm$ inwards, $0.60{\pm}3.58\;mm$ inwards, and $4.50{\pm}5.35\;mm$ inwards, respectively. The reduced volume in group II after MVCT reassessment might be a consequence of stomach toxicity. Conclusion: Inter-fractional liver shifts of each group based on Couinard's proposal were somewhat systematic despite certain variations observed in each patient. The geometrical deformation of the liver by respiratory movement can cause shrinkage in the left margins of liver. We recommend a more sophisticated approach in free-breathing mode when irradiating the left lobe of liver in order to avoid stomach toxicity.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.101-112
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• 1992

The natural killer cell activity of splenocytes and TBC, active NK cells, recycling capacity of natural killer cells were observed by means of both the 51Cr-release cytotoxicity assay and single cell cytotoxicity assay against YAC-1. CSH/HeJ mice were infected intranasally with $1{\times}10^4{\;}or{\;}1{\times}10^5$ trophosoites of pathogenic Acanthamoeba culbertsoni. The infected mice showed mortality rate of 34% in $1{\times}10^4$ group and 65% in 1{\times}10^5 group, and mean survival time was $16.40{\pm}3.50$ {\;}and{\;}3.20{\pm}4.09$ days respectively. The cytotoxic activity of natural killer cells of the 2 groups was significantly higher than that of non-infected mice from the 12th hour to the 2nd day after infection, showing the highest on the first day. On the l0th day after infection, the cytotoxic activity of natural killer cells was significantly suppressed as compared with that of the control. There was no significant difference in NK cell cytotoxicity between two infected groups. The targetbinding capacity and active NK cells of natural killer cells in $1{\times}10^5$ trophosoite infected mice was significantly increased on the 12th hour and the first day after infection as compared with the control group. Maximal recycling capacity (MRC) was not changed during the observation period. The present results indicated that the elevation of natural killer cell activity in the mice infected with A. culbertsoni was due to elevation of target.binding capacity and increased active NK cells of natural killer cells, and not due to the maximal recycling capacity of the individual NK cell, and there was no difference between two experimental dose groups.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.7
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• pp.1057-1064
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• 2016

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of fermented herbal mixtures (FHMs) in HepG2 and PC12 cells. Two different types of fermented herbal mixtures consisted of Chrysanthemum morifolium, Ganoderma lucidum, Acanthopanax senticosus, Schisandra chinensis, Hovenia dulcis thumb, and Lycii fructus. FHM-A and FHM-B were separately fermented with Prunellae Spica, Portulaca oleracea (FHM-A) and Acorus gramineus, Pycnostelma paniculatum (FHM-B). Total phenolic content of FHM-B was higher than that of FHM-A. ORAC values in both FHM-A and FHM-B increased in a dose-dependent manner, and antioxidant activities against peroxyl radicals were higher in FHM-A than FHM-B. Both FHM-A and FHM-B effectively ameliorated AAPH- and ethanol-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. They also suppressed lipid formation induced by ethanol treatment. In addition, FHM-A and FHM-B prevented $H_2O_2$-induced PC12 cell death. FHM-B showed a relatively stronger protective effect than that of FMB-A. Taken together, these findings show that a fermented herbal mixture could be used in healthy and functional food design for oxidative stress-related diseases.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.839-845
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• 1996

To investigate effects of Jujube methanol extract on the carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in rats, experimental animals were divided into 4 groups; control group(CON), Jujube methanol extracttreated group(JME), $CCl_4$- treated groups(CCl), and Jujube methanol extract and $CCl_4$-treated group (JMC). Each group was sacrificed after 2 or 4week feeding and determined the activities of serum transaminase(GOT, GPT) and hepatic xanthine oxidase, superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px), and hepatic contents of thiobarbituric acid-reactants(TBARS) and glutathione in liver. The activities of sGOT and sGPT, and the hepatic content of TBARS after $CCl_4$-treatment were markedly increased, compared to CON, but those levels were significantly decreased by the pretreatment of Jujube methanol extract, especially in sGOT after 2 and 4 week and TBARS after 4week respectively. Xanthine oxidase activity was increased by $CCl_4$- treatment as compared to CON, but it was also inhibited by the pretreatment of Jujube methanol extract for 2 and 4 week. The activities of SOD, catalase and GSH-Px were elevated by $CCl_4$-treatment, compared to CON, but those elevated activities were showed significant decreasing effect by pretreatment of Jujube methanol extract after 2 and 4week as compared to CON, however, hepatic catalase activity was not affected significantly. These results suggest that Jujube methanol extract is believed to be a possible protective effect for the carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.11
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• pp.1308-1312
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• 2016

Heavy metals such as gallium (Ga) cause serious physiological damage to exposed organisms, mostly of aquatic species. Ga one of the inter-metallic, transition elements increasingly being used in making high-speed semiconductors, such as Ga arsenide. The purposes of this study were to investigate the effects of Ga on acute toxicity, serum biochemical changes, and erythrocyte morphological changes in the blood stream of goldfish (Carassius auratus). Median lethal concentrations were determined in acute tests. The 96 hr $LC_{50}$ value was 9.15 mg/ml. Goldfish were exposed to different Ga concentrations (2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 mg/ml) for 30 days to assess its toxic effects. The results indicate that the measured serum biochemistry parameters (including glucose, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, cholesterol, and triglyceride) of the Ga-exposed fish groups differed significantly from the untreated fish group. In addition, a change in the erythrocytes' morphology at a high concentration (8.0 mg/ml) of Ga exposure shows respiratory problems. Our results suggest that 2.0 mg/ml is proposed as a biologically safe concentration that can be used for establishing tentative water quality criteria concerning the same-size goldfish.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.84-92
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• 2008

Russula rosacea, one of edible and medicinal mushroom belonging Agaricales of Basidiomycota, has been known to have good inhibitory effects on sarcoma 180 and Ehrlich carcinoma of mice. Neutral saline soluble (0.9% NaCl), hot water soluble and methanol soluble substances (hereinafter referred to Fr. NaCl, Fr. HW and Fr. MeOH, respectively) were extracted from fruiting body of the mushroom. In vitro cytotoxicity tests, crude polysaccharides were not cytotoxic against cancer cell lines such as Sarcoma 180, HepG2, HT-29 and NIH3T3 at the concentration of $10{\sim}2000\;{\mu}g/ml$. Intraperitoneal injection with crude polysaccharides exhibited life prolongation effect of $21.4{\sim}45%$ in mice previously inoculated with Sarcoma 180. Fr. HW improved the immuno-potentiation activity of B lymphocyte by increasing the alkaline phosphatase activity by 6.8 fold compared with control at the concentration of $500\;{\mu}g/ml$. In case of Fr. NaCl, the numbers of peritoneal exudate cells and circulating leukocytes were increased by 6 and 2.6 folds at the concentration of 50 mg/kg, respectively. Therefore, the antitumor effect against mice Sarcoma 180 by Russula rosacea could be due to immunomodulating activity.