• Journal of the Korean Society for information Management
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• v.22 no.1 s.55
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• pp.47-64
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• 2005

To guarantee the long-term access to digital material, digital preservation needs to be systemized, and detailed investigation on cost elements of digital preservation should be done for the continued support of budget. To meet the needs in this area, this paper categorized the digital preservation cost into direct and indirect cost through deriving common elements used in prior research on this issue. For case analysis, two institutions, representing domestic University Library and National Library of Korea under large-scale digitization currently, are selected to analyze the current status of digital preservation and estimate the preservation cost. The case analysis shows the systematic preservation function should be performed to guarantee the long-term access digital material, even though a basic digital preservation is currently conducted. It was projected that the digital preservation cost for the two libraries, accounting for $11.8\%$ and $8.6\%$ of digitization cost, respectively, should be injected every year. However, the estimated figures are very conservative, because the cost for estimating the preservation function, such as installing digital repository and producing meta data, was excluded in the estimation. This proves that digital preservation is a synthetic activity linked directly and indirectly to various activities from production to access of digital object and an essential costs that should be considered from the beginning stage of digitization project.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.459-472
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• 2015

A recently developed tunnel section enlargement method can maintain traffic flow during construction by using a protector. By keeping traffic flowing, it can minimize the lost time and costs associated with diversions and also the accompanying environmental pollution. On the other hand, installing the protector can lengthen the construction period and increase the direct cost. This paper presents a method for analyzing the economic feasibility of tunnel section enlargement methods considering the direct construction cost and the indirect social cost. The indirect costs are divided into categories of: vehicle driving cost, travel time delay cost, and environmental pollution cost. The economic efficiency of existing technology is compared with the new method in an case study of Namsan Tunnel 3.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.1-18
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• 2021

A coastal marine ranching project in Uleungdo had been conducted for 5 years from 2013 to 2017 with investment costs of 5 billion won, for the special purpose of the deployment of artificial reefs, the release of young fishes. The paper focuses on an ex-post analysis of the economic feasibility for the project after completing the project, which is apart from a preliminary viability. For economic analysis, the economic benefits are derived from direct benefits including increasing effects of fisheries income and saving effects of harvesting costs, and indirect benefits including increasing effects of recreational fishing and preservation effects of coastal marine ecosystems while economic costs include releasing and purchasing costs of artificial reef and juvenile fish, R&D costs, maintenance costs and harvesting costs. The result shows that the project should not be accepted according to NPV=-0.125 billion won, IRR=4.5% and B/C ratio=0.98 under Scenario 1 which considers direct benefits and indirect benefits excluding the preservation values, while the project should be accepted under Scenario 2 indicating NPV=30.9 billion won, IRR=11.3% and B/C ratio=1.49 which considers the direct benefits as well as the indirect ones including the preservation values, based on 4.5% of the social rate of discount.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.157-183
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• 2003

유류오염 사고를 사전에 예방할 수 있는 정책 수단으로는 여러 가지가 있지만 주요한 것으로는 인센티브제의 활용을 들 수 있다. 유류오염 사고를 예방하고 관리하기 위한 인센티브는 유출 사고로 인해 발생한 해양자원의 피해에 대해 가해자에게 배상책임(liability for losses due to spills)을 부과함으로써 제공될 수 있다. 유류오염 사고로 인한 피해액을 실제 화폐단위로 계량화하는 작업은 배상책임 부과제도를 정책수단으로 활용하기 위해 해결해야 할 가장 어려운 과제이다. 따라서, 최근 미국과 캐나다를 중심으로 발전하고 있는 자연자원 피해에 대한 가치 평가법(Natural Resource Damage Assessment : NRDA)은 배상책임 부과제도를 정책적으로 보완할 수 있는 이론적 도구로 간주되고 있다. NRDA는 잠재적인 가해자들에게 그들이 자연환경을 보존해야 하는 사회적 의무를 이행하지 못하고 이를 훼손하게 될 때 이로 인해 발생하는 모든 사회적 비용을 직접 부담해야 한다는 명확한 재무적 인센티브(financial incentive)를 부여함으로써 가해자 보상 원칙 (polluter pays principle)을 실현 할 수 있게 한다. 본 연구는, 유류오염 사고로 인한 환경자원 피해의 경제적 가치를 추정하는 가장 중요한 이론적 모형으로 활용되고 있는 가상상황평가법(CVM)에 대한 기초 개념과 이론적 체계, 그리고 이를 실제 피해액 추정에 성공적으로 적용시키기 위해 해결해야 할 문제점 등을 다루었다. 이를 위해, 본 연구에서는 1988년 캐나다 북서부 연안에서 발생한 Nestucca 유류오염 사고를 사례연구의 대상으로 선정하고, 사고 당시 캐나다 연방정부와 British Columbia 주정부를 대신하여 해양오염에 의한 환경피해의 경제적 가치를 추정한 미국의 컨설팅 회사인 RCG/Hagler, Baily Inc.의 가상상황평가법(CVM) 적용 사례를 분석 검토하였다. Nestucca 사례연구에서는 이들 연구자들이 실제로 활용한 설문지 설계, 설문방법 및 표본설계 등을 분석하였으며, 또한 CVM이 본질적으로 갖고 있는 방법론적 문제점들을 연구자들이 어떻게 해결하려고 했는가를 고찰하였다. 그리고, WTP 추정을 위해 RCG 연구자들이 사용한 사전규제접근법(ex ante regulatory approach)으로 인해 야기될 수 있는 환경자원 피해액 추정 방법의 한계점도 함께 검토하였다. 캐나다 연방정부와 British Columbia 주정부는 Nestucca 유류오염 사고로 인한 자연 자원 피해에 대한 손해배상으로 $4.3 Million의 보상금을 지급 받게 된다. 캐나다 정부는 이 보상금으로 Nestucca Oil Spill Trust Fund를 설립하여 피해를 입은 자연자원의 원상회복(restoration)을 위한 다양한 연구 프로젝트에 자금을 지원하고 있다. Nestucca 유류오염 사고를 계기로 캐나다 정부와 학계는 해양자원의 피해에 대한 경제적 가치평가와 자원의 원상회복에 대한 체계적인 접근 방안을 처음으로 마련 시행하게 되었다는 점에서, Nestucca 유류오염 사고에 대한 사례연구는 캐나다의 해양환경 보존 정책을 연구하는 출발점으로 평가될 수 있을 것이다. 이에 비해, 우리나라에서 대표적인 유류오염사고로 알려져 있는 시프린스호 사고와 관련된 손해배상금은 주로 연안어민들의 어업피해 배상으로 이루어져 있으며, 간접피해에 대한 배상액 48억 5천만원도 대부분 치어방류, 여수대학교 종묘배양장건립 등 피해지역 연안어업 발전을 위한 사업에 투자되었다.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.242-264
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• 2016

Tourism is a major sector of the national and regional economy in Southeast Asia endowed with rich natural environment and a variety of cultural and historical heritages. Tourism has been recognized as the industry without chimneys. However, as tourism sector is getting larger and being globally standardized, various problems such as environmental degradation as well as profits leakage from locals have been gradually aggravated. Against negative impacts from massive tourism various efforts have been tried and community-based ecotourism(CBET), seeking environmental conservation and community development at the same time, has emerged as a noteworthy alternative. By comparing the two cases of CBET in Indonesia and Cambodia, this paper aims to review the current status and future challenges of community development through ecotourism in Southeast Asia's rural villages. In the concrete, this paper analyses in-depth on case of JED(the village ecotourism network) in Bali, Indonesia and CBET project in Ramsar wetland reserves of Steung Treng province, Cambodia and founds out the possibility and main obstacles of community developmental strategy through CBET. Both cases have proven the positive outcomes in terms of environmental protection, local people's awareness improvement, and direct/indirect economic gain from CBET project. However, there are significant, but differentiated limitations in management capacities and stabilities of internal governance of two villages. Both villages are still in need of brisk networks with and assistance from the outside. In the conclusion part, this paper suggests CBET development program in Southeast Asia through Korea's social enterprises as one of the possible ODA programs(in tourism sector).