• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.98-107
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• 1983

This experiment was carried out to determine the optimum fertilizer level of N-P-K for maximum yield of grasses at hill-land pasture. The pasture species tested were orchardgrass, tall fescue, alfalfa and ladino clover. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The difference in yield of treatment 1, 2, and 4, 5 was significant at the 5% level. In other word, alfalfa yields from 6-30-30 kg/10a and 6-40-30 kg/10a (N-P-K) application were significantly increased over the yields from 4-20-20 kg/10a and 4-30-20 kg/10a (N-P-K). In observing the yield from the treatment 5 where 10 kilograms of phosphate was additionally applied over the treatment 4, it was increased in yield but failed to show statistical significance. With these results, the most optimum rates of N-P-K for alfalfa production are 6-30-30 kg/10a. 2. Ladino clover showed the highest yield at treatment 6 with statistic significance at the 1 percent level over the other treatments. Therefore, NPK rates of 6-30-40 kg/10a would be the most optimal rates for maximum production of ladino clover. 3. Orchard grass yield showed significance at the 1 percent level among other treatments except treatment 3 and 4. The highest yield was also shown at treatment 6 where NPK rates applied 40-30-40 kg/10a. 4. Tall fescue yield showed high significance at the 1 percent except treatments between 2 and 3, 5 and 6. The highest yield was observed at treatment 6 where NPK was applied 40-30-40 kilograms per 10a. 5. Nitrogen content of dry matter was 0.91-1.05% in 20 kg of N and 1.05-1.26% in 30-40 kg of N per 10a. The absorption rate of nitrogen applied was 23-31% regardless of the nitrogen level. Potash content of dry matter was increased in accordance with increasing K rates. 6. The gross income was the highest on the N-P-K application of 4-20-30 kg/10a in alfalfa and ladion clover, 40-30-40 kg/10a in orchardgrass and 30-20-20 kg/10a in tall fescus.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Organic Agriculture Conference
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• 2008.12a
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• pp.87-102
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• 2008

시설재배 토양에 녹비작물 재배와 고추재배, 휴경을 반복하면서, 외부 유기자재 투입을 최소화 하고 2년 동안 토양에 물리, 화학성에 변화를 추적하여 궁극적으로 녹비작물을 이용한 유기고추 시설 무경운 재배기술을 개발 하고자 시험을 수행한 결과 1. 고추 시설재배지 녹비작물 재배가 녹비 수량 및 토양 이화학성에 미치는 영향 시설재배지의 겨울 녹비작물을 1월 30일 파종하여 4월 5일에 조사한 결과 수량은 호밀과 보리녹비가 $518{\sim}677kg/10a$로 완두콩과 헤어리베치 $287{\sim}354kg/10a$에 비하여 건물수량이 현저하게 많았다. 녹비작물의 식물체내 총질소 함량이 완두콩과 헤어리베치, 보리가 호밀에 비하여 많았으며, 보리가 타 작물에 비하여 $P_2O_5$, $K_2O$ 함량이 높았고, 두과작물인 완두콩과 헤어리베치가 화본 과인 호밀과 보리녹비에 비하여 CaO과 MgO 함량이 많았다. 녹비작물의 토양중 무기성분 고정량이 화본과인 호밀과 보리녹비의 총질소량은 10a당 $17{\sim}18kg$, $P_2O_5$, 4.7kg, $K_2O$ $31{\sim}33kg$ 수준으로, 두과 녹비작물인 완두콩과 헤어리베치에 비하여 총질소, $P_2O_5$, 양이온인 $K_2O$ 높았으나, CaO과 MgO 고정량은 큰 차가 없었다. 2. 녹비작물 재배 후작 유기재배 고추의 생육 및 수량 겨울 재배 녹비작물을 트렉터로 로터리 작업하여 토양에 환원한 후 홍고추를 2007년 4월 27일 정식하여 조사한 결과 생육에 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 고추 수량은 호밀녹비 재배지가 헤어리베치 재배지에 비하여 증수되는 경향을 보였다. 3. 시설재배지 2차 녹비작물 재배 시 녹비수량 및 토양 이화학성 2007년 12월 18일 2차 녹비작물을 파종 재배하여 생육량을 조사한 결과 건물 수량은 10a당 호밀은 720kg, 보리는 528kg, 헤어리베치는 230kg, 완두콩과 잡초는 217kg 수준이었다. 녹비작물 생체중의 일일 증가량은 호밀과 보리는 100kg/10a/day, 헤어리베치는 10a당 65kg 정도가 하루에 증가되었다. 녹비작물의 총질소 고정량은 화본인 보리와 호밀 녹비작물이 두과작물보다 건물수량이 많아서 2배정도 많았고, 인산은 $2.7{\sim}3.7$배, 가리의 고정량은 $2.2{\sim}2.6$배 정도 많았다. 4. 녹비작물 재배 후작 무경운 고추 유기재배의 생육 및 수량 2차 녹비작물 재배 토양에 무경운으로 풋고추를 2008년 4월 1일 정식하여 재배한 결과 녹비작물 종류에 따른 고추의 생육차는 인정되지 않았으나, 고추 수량은 무처리와 보리예취 이용 처리 및 녹비 생산량이 적은 완두콩 재배지에서 많았다. 5. 녹비작물과 고추 유기재배에 따른 시설토양 이화학성의 경시적 변화 비닐온실내의 토양에 무기화학성의 경시적 변화를 추적하여 본 결과 토양 pH는 녹비작물 재배 시 증가되는 경향을 보였으나, 고추재배 후에는 다시 토양 pH가 감소되었다. 토양에 EC는 녹비작물 재배 후 감소되었으나, 고추재배 후에는 다시 토양 EC농도가 증가되었다. 1차 녹비작물 재배 후에는 토양에 증가되었으나, 고추 재배 후에는 유기물함량이 감소되는 경향을 보였다. 토양에 총질소 함량은 녹비작물 2회 재배와 첫 번째 고추재배에서 감소되는 경향을 보였으나 두 번째 고추재배에서 급격한 증가를 보였다. 인산에 함량은 녹비작물재배와 고추 재배 시 미미하지만 공히 감소되는 경향을 보였다. 토양의 양이온 치환용량과 양이온인 토양 K, Ca, Mg함량은 녹비작물과 고추재배 시 감소되는 경향을 보였고, 고추재배에서는 같은 경향을 보였다.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.195-200
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• 1994

This study was conducted to evaluate the changes in barley yield some physico-chemical properties of soils affected by annual application of N.P.K and N.P.K+silicate fertilizer 250kg/10a and N.P.K+compost 1,000kg/10a to the silty clay loam upland soil during the 18 years from 1975 to 1992. The results obtained are as follows. 1. Barley yield of the 18th year increased by 17~18% in the treatments of N.P.K+compost annually applied in comparison with N.P.K treated plot. So, simillar effect was recognized between the silicate fertilizer and the compost treatment plot. 2. The amount of nutrient's uptake by barley plant at the harvesting stage in the treats of N.P.K+silicate fertilizer and N.P.K+compost annually applied increased by 6~8% in comparison with N.P.K treated plot. Fertilizer's efficiency remarkably increased with $P_2O_5$, and $K_2O$ in the treats of N.P.K+silicate fertilizer and N.P.K+compost annualy applied comparing to N.P.K treated Plot. 3. According to soil analysis after experiment, the N.P.K+silicate fertilizer and N.P.K+compost annually applied plot were increased in soil pH, OM, available $P_2O_5$ exchangable cations and soluble $SiO_2$ content, but the content of $NO_3$-N was low. 4. Average yield of barley for 18 years increased by 22% in the treat of N.P.K+silicate fertilizer 250kg/10a annually applied plot and by 31% in the treat of N.P.K+compost 1,000kg/10a annually applied plot in comparison with N.P.K treated plot.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.168-178
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• 2010

Fish assemblages associated with rock reef and non-rock reef were studied using specimens collected at three sites in Geomun Island waters of the Southern Sea, Korea, in February, May, August and October, 2006. Two survey methods for the study were followed: collection by a gill net, and video observation by scuba diving. The gill-net survey was conducted during the night, the scuba-diving observations were conducted during the day. From the gill-net survey, a total of 40 species, 380 inds. and 71,426.9 g was caught at the three sites. The dominant species was Trachurus japonicus; other species were Raja kenojei, Dasyatis akajei, Stephanolepis cirrhifer, Narke japonica, Pagrus major, Sebastes inermis, and Sphyraena pinguis. At the rock-reef site, a total of 26 species, 264 inds. and 46,776.7 g was caught by gill net, and the dominant species was T. japonicus. A total of 17 species, 45 inds., 10,535.1 g was caught at the flat-bottom 1 site, and 19 species, 71 inds. and 14,115.1 g were caught at the flat-bottom 2 site. The scuba-diving survey resulted in 13 species and 1,749 inds. observed at the three sites through the survey period. The main observed fishes were rock-dwelling species such as Chromis notatus, Microcanthus strigatus, S. cirrhifer, Ditrema temmincki, Evistias acutriostris, Girella punctata, Halichoeres poecilopterus, Hexagrammos agrammus, Prionurus scalprum, Sebastes inermis, and Semicossyphus reticulatus. Seven species and 1,739 inds. observed at the rock-reef site comprised 99.4% of the inds. of the three sites. Therefore, the fish community in Geomun Island waters included many rock-reef. species, but a few were migratory species like T. japonicus and Scomber japonicus. The abundance of fish at the rock-reef site was high in comparison with those at two non-rock reefs. The dominant species were very different between the day and the night, although rock-reef species comprised the main part of the fish community. We conclude that the high abundance of fish in Geomun Island waters is most closely related to physical structure, such as rock reefs, which is the main habitat of many fishes.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.8
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• pp.29-37
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• 1967

Citrus fruits of ten varieties grown in Chaeju island and a few other fruits for the comparison were analyzed to determined the contents of crude fat, crude fiber, total carbohydrates, macroelements and ash. Acids and sugars in fruit juices were also determined and the characteristic of neutralization of fruit juices were investigated. 1. The per cent of edible part of citrus fruits having the range of 48.5(Daingwoochi) to 72(Onju) were lower than that of other fruits. It was lower by about 8 per cent than that of the same variety produced in U.S.A. It was shown that the amount of rind per fruit might be increased in the citrus fruit grown in the low annual temperature. 2. The content of crude protein were around 1% and higher than other's. The contents of crude fat were below 0.1% in three varieties and over 0.1 in others. The contents of crude fiber were between 0.3 to 0.8% and the fruits with the high content of crude protein were inclined to have the high content of crude fiber and it was also shown that the low annual temperature was inclined to increase the amount of crude fiber per fruit. 3. The amount of total acid were from 19.5 m.e per 100 g of fresh fruit in Byongkyul to 44.2 m.e in Daingwoochi. The high percentage of titrable acid was over 90 in two sour varieties, Daingwoochi and Hakyul having pH below 3 and the high content of total acid. These two varieties were above 10 in the ratio of total acid in the edible part to the total acid in the rind(total acid in edible part/total acid in the rind). The content of combined acid was lower than that of titrable acid in the edible part and vice versa in the rind. 4. Navel was highest as 12.82% in the total sugar content and the lowest content was 4.9% of Hakyul. The contents of reducing sugar in the citrus fruits were about half of that in other fruits. The ratio of total sugar to titrable acid (sugar/acid: the grade of sweet taste) were lower than foreign products . 5. From the titration curves of fruit juices the characteristic of neutralization of juices could be grouped in three types, and other values, that is, pH, the content of total acid, the percentage of combined acid, the ratio of total acids in edible part and rind, the content of sugar, and the grade of sweet taste were also devided into the same three categories. 6. The contents of macroelements were different along to the each part of fruit. The content, in the seed were high and the ones in the rind were low. The contents of each element were in the order of $K_2O>N>P_2O_5{\gtrless}CaO{\gtrless}MgO$ in the edible part, $K_2O>N>CaO>P_2O_5{\gtrless}MgO$ in the rind, $N>K_2O>P_2O_5>CaO>MgO$ in the seed. The content of potassium was especially high in Marumeru and Hakyul and the content of calcium in citrus fruit was higher than others.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.129-177
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• 1970

For the purpose of establishing the systematized technical scheme of the cooperative rice cultivation which has most significant impact to improve rice productivity and the farm management, the author have studied the cultivation practices, and the variation of rice growth and yield between the cooperative rice cultivation and the individual rice cultivation at random selected 18 paddy fields. The author also have investigated through comparative method on the cultivation practices, management, organization and operation scheme of the two different rice cultivation methods at 460 paddy fields. The economic feasibility has been ana lysed and added in this report. The results obtained from this study are summarized as follows; 1. In the nursery, the average amount of fertilizer application, especially, phosphate and potassium, and the frequency of chemicals spray for the disease, insect and pest control at the cooperative rice cultivation are significantly higher than those of the individual rice cultivation. 2. The cultivation techniques of the cooperative rice farming after the transplanting can be characterized by a) the earlier transplanting of rice, b) the denser hills per unit area and the lesser number of seedlings per hill, c) the application of larger quantities of fertilizer including nitrogen, phosphate and potassium, d) more divided application of fertilizers, split doses of the nitrogen and potassium, e) the increased frequencies of the chemicals spray for the prevention of disease, insect and pest damages. 3. The rate of lodging in the cooperative rice cultivation was slightly higher than that of the individual rice cultivation, however, the losses of rice yield owing to the occurrence of rice stem borer and grass leaf roller in the cooperative rice cultivation were lower than that of the individual rice cultivation. 4. The culm length, panicle length, straw weight and grain-straw ratio are respectively higher at the cooperative rice cultivation, moreover, the higher variation of the above factors due to different localities of the paddy fields found at the individual rice cultivation. 5. The number of panicles, number of flowers per panicle and the weight of 1, 000 grains, those contributing components to the rice yield were significantly greater in the cooperative rice cultivation, however, not clear difference in the maturing rate was observed. The variation coefficient of the yield component in the cooperative cultivation showed lower than that or the individual rice cultivation. 6. The average yield of brown rice per 10 are in the cooperative rice cultivation obtained 459.0 kilograms while that of the individual rice cultivation brought 374.8 kilograms. The yield of brown rice in the cooperative rice cultivation increased 84.2 kilogram per 10 are over the individual rice cultivation. With lower variation coefficient of the brown rice yield in the cooperative rice cultivation, it can be said that uniformed higher yield could be obtained through the cooperative rice cultivation. 7. Highly significant positive correlations shown between the seeding date and the number of flowers per panicle, the chemical spray and the number of flowers per panicle, the transplanting date and the number of flowers per panicle, phosphate application and yield, potassium application and maturing rate, the split application of fertilizers and yield. Whilst the significant negative correlation was shown between the transplanting date and the maturing rate 8. The results of investigation from 480 paddy fields obtained through comparative method on the following items are identical in general with those obtained at 18 paddy fields: Application of fertilizers, chemical spray for the control of disease, insects and pests both in the nursery and the paddy field, transplanting date, transplanting density, split application of fertilizers and yield n the paddy fields. a) The number of rice varieties used in the cooperative rice cultivation were 13 varieties while the individual rice cultivation used 47 varieties. b) The cooperative rice cultivation has more successfully adopted improved cultivation techniques such as the practice of seed disinfection, adoption of recommended seeding amount, fall ploughing, application of red soil, introduction of power tillers, the rectangular-type transplanting, midsummer drainage and the periodical irrigation. 9. The following results were also obtained from the same investigation and they are: a) In the cooperative rice cultivation, the greater part of the important practices have been carried out through cooperative operation including seed disinfection, ploughing, application of red soil and compost, the control of disease, insects and pests, harvest, threshing and transportation of the products. b) The labor input to the nursery bed and water control in the cooperative rice cultivation was less than that of the individual rice cultivation while the higher rate of labor input was resulted in the red soil and compost application. 10. From the investigation on the organization and operation scheme of the cooperative rice cultivation, the following results were obtained: a) The size of cooperative rice cultivation farm was varied from. 3 ha to 7 ha and 5 ha farm. occupied 55.9 percent of the total farms. And a single cooperative farm was consisted of 10 to 20 plots of paddies. b) The educational back ground of the staff members involved in the cooperative rice cultivation was superior than that of the individual rice cultivation. c) All of the farmers who participated to the questionaires have responded that the cooperative rice cultivation could promise the increased rice yield mainly through the introduction of the improved method of fertilizer application and the effective control of diseases, insects and pests damages. And the majority of farmers were also in the opinion that preparation of the materials and labor input can be timely carried out and the labor requirement for the rice cultivation possibly be saved through the cooperative rice cultivation. d) The farmers who have expressed their wishes to continue and to make further development of the cooperative rice cultivation was 74.5 percent of total farmers participated to the questionaires. 11. From the analysis of economical feasibility on the two different methods of cultivation, the following results were obtained: a) The value of operation cost for the compost, chemical fertilizers, agricultural chemicals and labor input in the cooperative rice cultivation was respectively higher by 335 won, 199 won, 288 won and 303 won over the individual rice cultivation. However, the other production costs showed no distinct differences between the two cultivation methods. b) Although the total value of expenses for the fertilizers, agricultural chemicals, labor input and etc. in the cooperative rice cultivation were approximately doubled to the amount of the individual rice cultivation, the net income, substracted operation costs from the gross income, was obtained 24, 302 won in the cooperative rice cultivation and 20, 168 won was obtained from the individual rice cultivation. Thereby, it can be said that net income from the cooperative rice cultivation increased 4, 134 won over the individual rice cultivation. It was revealed in this study that the cooperative rice cultivation has not only contributed to increment of the farm income through higher yield but also showed as an effective means to introduce highly improved cultivation techniques to the farmers. It may also be concluded, therefore, the cooperative rice cultivation shall continuously renovate the rice production process of the farmers.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.13-22
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• 2003

This pot experiment was conducted to find out the forage productivity and mineral contents in an orchardgrass sward affected by the compost, lime, and phosphorus applications on the newly reclaimed and arable pasture soils. This 3rd part was concerned with the effect of phosphorus application($P_{0}$ : control, $P_1$=1.25ｇ, $P_2$=2.50g, $P_3$=3.75g $P_2$$O_{5}$ pot). The results obtained are summarized as fellows; There were considerable differences between the newly reclaimed and arable pasture soils in the soil chemical characteristics as follows in general; poor~common in the newly reclaimed soil and common~good in the arable pasture soil in terms of soil fertility standard. Comparing with the arable pasture soil, the contents of available$ P_2$$O_{5}$ / in the newly reclaimed soil at end of experiment were considerably increased by the $P_2$$O_{5}$ applications, These effects in the newly reclaimed soil were positively influenced by the additional application of compost, but were adversely influenced by the additional application of lime. The seedling vigour and yield of orchardgrass were far better in the arable pasture soil than in the newly reclaimed soil. At the $P_{0}$ treatment, those were very poor in 也e newly reclaimed soil, but were good in the arable pasture soil. Comparing with $P_1$ treatment, the above effects of heavy $P_2$$O_{5}$ / applications($P_2$and $P_3$) were not recognized. On the newly reclaimed soil, the above effects were markedly enhanced by the applications of $P_2$$O_{5}$ with compost. The Ca, Mg, and P contents of orchardgrass were relatively higher on the arable pasture soil than on the newly reclaimed soil, whereas ere were no differences in the K contents.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.370-374
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• 2007

This study was carried out to investigate the soil chemical and physical properties by annul variation and yield properties according to cropping rotation system of paddy field which was cultivated rice and soybean of each 1 year by turns, each 2 year by turns, 1 year of rice and 3 years of soybean and 4 years of soybean continuously. This study was conducted for 3 years from 2002 to 2004 in National Institute of Crop Science(NISC), Korea. Study was controlled by Shinpaldal 2 of midmatured species, sow a field with soybean by $60{\times}15cm$ in 27 May. Chemical fertilizer was spread in the field by N 3.0 kg, $P_2O_5 $ 3.0 kg, $K_2O$ 3.4 kg per 10a. This experiment was carried for increase the degree of self sufficiency of soybean from detect the better cropping system in paddy field. The results of the study were as follows; Soil prosity was increased 17.4% in each one year rotation and 21.8% in the sector of cultivated soybean for four years. Results was indicated that $5{\sim}9cm$ of stem length, $0.5{\sim}1.0ea$ of branch number and $3.5{\sim}7.0$ of SPAD value was decreased in the sector of cultivated soybean for $3{\sim}4$ years compared to $1{\sim}2$ year cultivated sector. The soybean yield was reduced 12.9%(222 kg/10a) in the 2 year cultivated sector and 21%(201 kg/10a) in the 3 year cultivated sector compare with paddy-upland switching cultivation(255 kg/10a). Root nodule weight and number was tend to decrease according to the increasing duration of cultivated soybean.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.83-89
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• 1979

To improve the physico-chemical properties of sandy alluvial soils for paddy rice, several soil amendments such as wollastonite, dolomite adding red earth and compost were applied compositely. The results are summarized as follows. 1. The application of soil amendments caused an increase of calcium, magnesium and silica contents in the soils, and it was also possible to maintain a high pH during the cropping season. 2. Among the mineral elements in the plant, calcium and silica content were increased by the treatment of adding red earth, dolomite and wollastonite. 3. By the application of wallastonite and dolomite, the phosphorous content in the plant decreased in comparison with no-amendment treatment, and the potash in the plant also decreased after the ear formation stage of the rice. 4. The most desirable treatment (adding red earth+dolomite+extra N) resulted in 19% increase of rice yield, while the composite of wollastonite and compost brought 10% yield increase. The high ripeding ratio was the factor which influenced the yield favorably.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 1973

The yield of rice is increased to amounts of fertilizer applied in paddy field but excessive application of fertilizer stimulates outbreaks of disease and insect pest. If, therefore, diseases and pests stimulated by excessive application of fertilizer would be effectively controlled, increaseed yield of rice would be possible. This experiment was conducted to determine the fertilizer application rate that would produce maximum yields when diseases and pests are controlled. 1. The fertilizer application rates and the incidence of leaf and apanicle blast were positively correlated at the $1\%$ level. 2, Without disease and pest control the maximum yield of hulled rice was 347-378kg/10a, which occurred at nitorgen application levels of 8.0-8.5 kg/10a. with effective control of diseases and pests the maximum yield of hulled was 453-462 kg/10a, which occurred at nitrogen application levels of 18.5-19.0 kg/10a. Yield increase at appropriate nitrogen levels by disease and pest control resulted in more than 100 kg/10a. 3. There was no significant yield difference between the NPK experimental plots with fixed PK levels and with varying PK levels. 4. The maximum effect of disease and pest .control as expressed biy yield index of hulled rice was $65\%$, the minimum effect was $30\%$, the average effects were $42-45\%$.