• Title/Summary/Keyword: 詩歌

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The Comparasion of the Dynamic Stereoacuity with Two-Rods Test and Three-Rods Test (이간계와 삼간계를 이용한 동적 입체시의 비교)

  • Shim, Hyun-Suk;Kim, Sang-Moon;Kim, Sang-Hyun;Kim, Young-Cheong
    • Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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    • v.20 no.3
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    • pp.377-384
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    • 2015
  • Purpose: On this study, we measured and compared the dynamic stereoacuity by two-rods test (Howard-Dolman Test) and three-rods test. And we analyzed the correlation between PD and refractive error with dynamic stereoacuity. Methods: Dynamic stereoacuity of two-rods test and three-rods test at 2.5 m distance for 93 adults 93 (50 males, 43 females), mean age of $21.27{\pm}2.32$ (19~32) years old, were measured 5 times for two tests. Results: The mean of dynamic stereoacuity measured by two-rods test and three-rods test were $29.91{\pm}23.03sec$ of arc and $23.75{\pm}21.65sec$ of arc for total subjects, respectively. The mean of male and female were $36{\pm}22.38sec$ of arc and $22.28{\pm}23.79$, respectively. Three-rods test showed better dynamic stereoacuity than two-rods test, but there was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05). For the average standard deviation of PD between 60.63 mm~66.19 mm, dynamic stereoacuity fo two-rod test and three-rod test were $31.48{\pm}24.87sec$ of arc and $31.48{\pm}24.87sec$ of arc, respectively. The results showed statistically significant difference (p<0.05), but the relationship between dynamic stereoacuity and PD was not great. Comparison between two tests on the basis of refractive error, dynamic stereoacuity by three-rods test was better than by two-rods test with no significant difference between both tests (p>0.05) and there was little correlation between refractive error and two dynamic stereoacuity. Conclusions: Three-rods test showing lower stereoacuity than two-rods tests could measure the lower minimum threshold of dynamic stereoacuity. It was found that both tests can be applied to dynamic stereoacuity test as a standard test, and PD and refractive error was found that little effect upon the dynamic stereoacuity. PD and refractive error was found that little effect upon the dynamic stereoacuity.

Evaluation of Disaster Resilience Scorecard for the UN International Safety City Certification of Incheon Metropolitan City (인천시 UN 국제안전도시 인증을 위한 재난 복원력 스코어카드 평가)

  • Kim, Yong-Moon;Lee, Tae-Shik
    • Journal of Korean Society of Disaster and Security
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    • v.13 no.1
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    • pp.59-75
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    • 2020
  • This study is a case study that applied 'UNDRR's Urban Disaster Resilience Scorecard', an evaluation tool necessary for Incheon Metropolitan City to be certified as an international safe city. I would like to present an example that the results derived from this scorecard contributed to the Incheon Metropolitan City Disaster Reduction Plan. Of course, the Disaster Resilience Scorecard can't provide a way to improve the resilience of every disaster facing the city. However, it is to find the weakness of the resilience that the city faces, and to propose a solution to reduce the city's disaster risk. This is to help practitioners to recognize the disaster risks that Incheon Metropolitan City faces. In addition, the solution recommended by UNDRR was suggested to provide resilience in areas vulnerable to disasters. It was confirmed that this process can contribute to improving the disaster resilience of Incheon Metropolitan City. UNDRR has been spreading 'Climate Change, Disaster-resistant City Creation Campaign', aka MCR (Making Cities Resilient) Campaign, to cities all over the world since 2010 to reduce global cities' disasters. By applying the disaster relief guidelines adopted by UNDRR, governments, local governments, and neighboring cities are encouraged to collaborate. As a result of this study, Incheon Metropolitan city's UN Urban Resilience Scorecard was evaluated as a strong resilience field by obtaining scores of 4 or more (4.3~5.0) in 5 of 10 essentials; 1. Prepare organization for disaster resilience and prepare for implementation, 4. Strong resilience Urban development and design pursuit, 5. Preservation of natural cushions to enhance the protection provided by natural ecosystems, 9. Ensure effective disaster preparedness and response, 10. Rapid restoration and better reconstruction. On the other hand, in the other five fields, scores of less than 4 (3.20~3.85) were obtained and evaluated as weak resilience field; 2. Analyze, understand and utilize current and future risk scenarios, 3. Strengthen financial capacity for resilience, 6. Strengthen institutional capacity for resilience, 7. Understanding and strengthening social competence for resilience, 8. Strengthen resilience of infrastructure. In addition, through this study, the risk factors faced by Incheon Metropolitan City could be identified by priority, resilience improvement measures to minimize disaster risks, urban safety-based urban development plans, available disaster reduction resources, and integrated disasters. Measures were prepared.

The development and current status regard to Sijo-chang時調唱 (시조창(時調唱)의 전개(展開)와 현황(現況))

  • Moon, Hyun
    • Sijohaknonchong
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    • v.42
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    • pp.29-68
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    • 2015
  • This article focused on the development and current status of Sijo-chang, the Korean classical vocal genre, which is the text as a fixed form of Korean classical poems. Historically, Sijo-chang has originally emerged from Hyangga鄕歌 during Silla period (BC. 57- AD. 935). However, the current Sijo-chang has been developed from the latter of Joseon朝鮮 period(AD. 1392-1910) in 1800s. Since 1800s, Sijo-chang derived from the Gyeong-je Pyeong sijo京制 平時調, which was established in Seoul, was able to accelerate its musical types and regional characteristics among the Korean peninsula. By setting a clear division of two time periods between 1800s and those periods since 1900s to today, this article mainly explains how Sijo-chang has been developed historically. First of all, in order to appraise the musical styles and characteristics of Sijo-chang in 1800s, comparing the current musical types of Sijo-chang and those printed old score books which has its historical musical characteristics during 1800s is necessary. Secondly, this paper concentrated on the transmitted lineages of representative vocalists among the regional-based Sijo-chang from 1900s to today. During those periods, the Sijo-chang has formed its particular regional-based musical characteristics among the Korean peninsula such as Yeong-je嶺制 of Gyeongsang province慶尙道, Naepo-je內浦制 of Chungcheong province忠淸道 and Wan-je完制 of Cheolla province全羅道. Although it was not a type of regional-based Sijo-chang, as a creation with reference based on certain regional types of Sijo-chang in 1960s, this paper introduced the inheritance process of Seogam-je石菴制 which was made by Jung Gyeong-tae鄭坰兌 named Seogam石菴 as his pen name. Since Seogam-je has been singing as the most influential musical types of Sijo-chang through the mainly southern region of Korean peninsula and even in Seoul, it was highly significant to research it. In addition, this paper elaborately highlighted the developments of various Sijo-chang based on its historical performances, studies, and the composed pieces from the early 1900s or the mid-1900s. In conclusion, in order to set a vigorous development of Sijo-chang, this paper raised several concerns among the future of Sijo-Chang and the significance of its traditional value.

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Accepting Method in Classical Literature and Education ; Past, Present, and Future (고전문학의 향유방식과 교육; 과거, 현재, 미래)

  • Son, Tae-do
    • Journal of Korean Classical Literature and Education
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    • no.37
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    • pp.5-45
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    • 2018
  • Today, in the case of literary works such as modern poetry, novels, 'literature production : literature acceptance' are relatively simple as 'writing : reading'. However, in classical literature, there are ways of 'singing, chanting, narrating, performing, public reading, writing : listening, reading.' Modern literary works such as poetry and novels are sole arts made up only of literature, but classical literature have many complex arts accompanied by music, theater, etc. In order to understand the way classical literature, it is necessary to consider music, theater, etc. also. There are a number of subjects to research today in relation to the accepting method of classical literature. There are such things at Hyang-ga (향가), Goryeo Sog-yo (고려속요), Sijo (시조) and Gasa (가사) in of classical poetry. There is a public reading in classical novels. There is securing video materialㄴ for narrators in oral literature. And there are Si-chang (시창. 詩唱) and aloud reading in chinese proses. 'Listening literature', such as the oral literature needs to have the A. Lord's 'formular theory' - 'formular' (general words), 'themes' (general subject), and 'improvisation.' It is the opposite of contemporary poetry and novels that value ' special words', 'special contents', and 'original text.' Classical literature with a great deal of 'listening literature' besides ' reading literature' needs to have this 'formular theory' too basically. In the case of 'excessive pornographic' oriented events in Goryeo Gayo (고려가요) and Pansori (판소리), a vision is required to set up a space for the realization of literature. The haman basic elements like a man and woman's body subject can be evoked as a literature means at open place for anonymous people. Unlike modern poetry and novels, which are 'reading literature', and contain only literature, classical literature have 'listening literature' besides 'reading literature', and have complex arts - classical poetry (literature and music), and oral literature (literature, music, theater etc.) These aspects are available to research modern mass media literature, which are all 'listening literature,' and all complex arts - pop songs (literature and music), movies (literature, drama, image, music etc.) and TV dramas (literature, drama, image, music etc.). Thus, a proper understanding and consideration of the accepting method is very important in understanding, researching and educating classical literature.

Quest of Wang Yak-heo(王若虚)'s Theories of Poetry - With a focus on Three Volumes of 「Talks on Chinses Poetry」 among "the Collected Writings of Wang Yak-heo"(滹南遺老集) (王若虚的詩論探究(왕약허의 시론 탐구) - 以《滹南遺老集》中的《詩話》三卷爲主(『호남유로집』 중 「시화」 3권을 중심으로) -)

  • Jang, Yung-Ki
    • (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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    • no.34
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    • pp.207-224
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    • 2009
  • This research is a quest of theories of poetry of Wang Yak-heo who was a literary critic during Chin(金) dynasty in ancient China. Wang Yak-heo left a fine piece of work, dubbed ${\ll}$Honam Yuro Jib${\gg}$ and, in this paper, the author closely reviewed the theories of poetry that is appeared, especially, in the three volumes of ${\ll}$Talks on Chinese Poetry${\gg}$ among the collections of Wang's poetry criticism. In particular, the author investigated the positive and negative aspects of Honam's commentaries on the works by Chinese poets, including his principles of poetics, creative skills, and practical criticism, etc. Wang Yak-heo has not been known much in the history of Chinese literary thoughts, however, his theory of criticism, especially, among the talks on Chinese the works by Chinese poets, his literature criticisms establish unique and distinctive point of views. Wang Yak-heo's poetics, more than anything else, valued nature, meanings, truth, and contents therein. He exhibited realistic view of literature. Meanwhile, he analyzed the methods of expression by Du Bo(杜甫, pronounced, "Du Fu" in Chinese), So Sik, also known as So Dong Pa (蘇軾, Su Shi or 蘇東坡, Su Dong Po in Chinese), and Hwang Jeong-gyeon(黃庭堅, Huang T'ing-chien), and highly evaluated the realistic poems written by Du Bo, Baek Geo-I (白居易, pronounced, "Bai Juyi" in Chinese), and So Sik. Also, he opposed to formalism or externality, however, he never made light of formality of poetry. In his comments on the works by Chinese poets, he highly evaluated the poems sung by So Sik and Beek Geo-I, in the mean time, however, he criticized their works without hesitation. Having set up his own unique criteria for critique, Wang didn't accept other opinions in a seemingly illogical manner, and he presented what he thoughts and other different points of view from others. Specifically, he attached great importance to whether or not modification of words and phrases, grammar, and whole context were congruent to one another and had been well harmonized. However, in his poetics, Wang was so wrapped himself in reasonableness or rationality, he analyzed each and every word in great detailed manner, as the result, he sometimes didn't read the sentiment or mood that the writers intended to express through poems. He excessively restricted himself to the words and phrases, so that he was not able to realize natural emotions and joy of imagination that were presented in the poems, and, in the end, this brought about adverse effects to the poet's thought.

A Regional Study on the Korean Toilet Culture (韓國 통시(뒷간) 文化의 地域的 硏究)

  • ;Chang, Bo-Woong
    • Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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    • v.30 no.3
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    • pp.255-268
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    • 1995
  • According to cultural diffusion route, the Korean toilet culture could be classified as southern culture and northern culture, In Cheju Island the toilet is located on the stone fence of swine. The native people of Cheju Island name it as TONGSHI. And Southern culture could be diffused from South Sea to Cheju Island by the sea current. Around Mt.Chiri area, the greater part of traditional toilets are on the upper floor in the barn, and pigs are on the bottom floor under the toilet. This type of toilet would be the northern culture of the toilet, which would be diffused from continent of Asia to Korean Peninsula. Residents of these areas also name this toilet as TONGSHI. The Korean word "TONGSHI" means a toilet on the pig fence. Traditional toilet culture in Korea differs from regions and residents. We can find dry-closets in Seon-am Temple and Song-kawng Temple. This high floor dry-closet type would be effected by Buddhism. In the reclaimed land and islands of west sea we could not find the old traditional toilets.l toilets.

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Long-Run Stock Price Performance of the Firms that Grant Stock Options and the Separation of Ownership and Management (소유경영기업과 전문경영기업의 스톡옵션 부여 후 장기성과 결정요인)

  • Jeong, Jae-Wook;Bae, Gil-S.
    • The Korean Journal of Financial Management
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    • v.24 no.1
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    • pp.149-182
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    • 2007
  • This study examines the determinants of the long-run stock price performance of the firms that granted stock options between 1997 and 2002. We divide the sample into the firms run by the owner and those run by the professional manager. If the primary reason for granting stock options is reduction of the agency costs between the manager and shareholders, the effect of stock options is likely to be more pronounced in the firms run by the professional manager. We find that the long-run abnormal returns of the firms run by the professional manager are negatively associated with the shareholdings by the manager and the book-to-market value and are positively associated with the earnings growth and the size of the outstanding stock options. In contrast, the long-run abnormal returns of the firms run by the owner are negatively associated with the cash flows rate and the sales growth rate and are positively associated with the firm size. This is consistent with the argument that the agency costs arising from the conflicts between the manager and shareholders are an important determinant of the post-stock option granting long-run stock price performance only in the firms run by the professional manager. The results also suggest that stock options in the firms run by the owner are likely to be used for the purposes such as additional compensation, a signaling device, a means that reduce the agency costs within firms.

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Process, Governance, and Performance of Creative-City Related Policies of Suncheon City, Korea (순천시 창조도시 관련정책의 추진과정, 거버넌스, 성과)

  • Lee, Jeong-Rock
    • Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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    • v.19 no.4
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    • pp.660-676
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    • 2016
  • The Suncheon city has new city image and brand as eco & garden city in national wide. This paper reviews the process, governance, and performance of creative-city related policy in Suncheon city, Korea. The new city image and brand, eco & garden city, were as a result of the related urban policies and its efforts to reserve and utilize the Suncheon Bay Wetland such as the establishment of Green Suncheon 21, the Reed Festival of Suncheon Bay, the ecological park creation projects for Suncheon Bay Wetland, the ICEXPO 2013, and the Suncheon Bay National Garden since 1995. The Dongsa Research Institute has been played very import roles in the process of civic movement for Suncheon Bay Wetland reservation. After holding the ICEXPO 2013, the Suncheon city has achieved various performances such as new city image and brand, the Suncheon Bay National Garden, social and physical infrastructure to pursue future creative-city related policies.

Effects of Twin Birth on the Occurrence of Postpartum Disorders, Culling and Reproductive Performance, and its Risk Factors in Dairy Cows (젖소에서 쌍태분만이 산후질병 발생, 도태 및 번식능력에 미치는 영향과 쌍태 위험 요인)

  • Kim, Ill-Hwa;Kang, Hyun-Gu
    • Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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    • v.28 no.4
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    • pp.339-343
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    • 2011
  • This study determined the effects of twin birth on subsequent postpartum disorders, culling and reproductive performance, and its risk factors in dairy cows. Detailed data related to reproduction, health, and calving events, including dates of artificial insemination (AI) and calving, hormonal treatment prior to conception, cow parity, twin birth, retained placenta, metabolic disorders, and endometritis were collected from 1,717 individual calvings on 9 dairy farms. The incidence rate of twin birth was 3.4%. Gestation length was shorter in cows with twin birth ($270.6{\pm}2.0$ days) than cows giving birth to singletons ($279.5{\pm}0.2$ days, P < 0.01). The incidence of retained placenta (47.5 vs. 16.0%), metabolic disorders (18.6 vs. 3.8%) endometritis (62.7 vs. 28.2%), and culling rate (32.2 vs. 16.5%) was greater in cows with twin birth than in cows giving birth to singletons, respectively (P < 0.01). The hazard of pregnancy (adjusted hazard ratio, AHR) by 210 days in milk analyzed using Cox proportional hazards model was affected by calving season, in that the rate of pregnancy for cows calved during spring was less than for cows calved during winter (AHR = 0.80; P = 0.01); this was also true for endometritis (AHR = 0.46, P < 0.01). AHR was not affected by twin birth. Logistic analysis demonstrated that increasing the cow parity (P < 0.01) and hormonal treatment prior to conception (adjusted odds ratio, AOR = 1.84, P < 0.05) increased the risk of twin birth. These results demonstrate that twin births are responsible for severe economic losses through the increased occurrence of postpartum disorders and culling; thus, appropriate management for the deleterious impact of twin birth, and/or reducing the risk factors by herd control regarding cow parity and the use of reproductive hormones prior to conception might be necessary.

Estimation of Flow Loads Characteristics each Sub-watershed for TMDL (TMDL 적용을 위한 소유역별 유출부하 특성 분석)

  • Kim, Joo-Hun;Kim, Kyung-Tak;Lee, Jin-Won
    • Journal of Wetlands Research
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    • v.13 no.3
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    • pp.443-453
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    • 2011
  • This research aims at suggesting the mitigation measures of decreasing pollution by analyzing land cover characteristics according to subwatershed, and non-pollutant load characteristics occurring in each subwatershed. Mushim-cheon is selected as a research area, and HyGIS-SWAT is used as a water quality model. This research analyzed outflow load characteristics by classifying land cover, which has over 50% classified items, into a city area, a farmland area and a forest area. The result shows that the yearly occurrence load quantity represents a farmland area, a forest area and a city area in order. In subwatershed-2, occurrence load quantity is analyzed by setting up a buffer zone in the center of stream, and by changing a farmland area into a natural grass land. Therefore, a farmland area in a subwatershed changes 36.6% into 27.9% and 15.3% comparing to previous land cover change. In the analysis of sediment loads occurrence quantity and nutritive salt load occurrence quantity in subwatershed-2, sediment loads occurrence quantity decreases 52% to about 47%, and nutritive salt load decreases 49% and 34% in compare with previous change. Hereafter, this research will set up the mitigation measures scenario, and find out which is more effective for the mitigation measures.