• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.100-111
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• 2002

1. The Purpose of study An experimental study has done to examine the effect of defense on gastric mucosal damage of Jowesungcheong-tang. 2. The Material and Method of study Mice had intragastric injected with JST extract before indome thacin treatment which induces hemorrh age erosion artificially. General morphology, infiltrative cell in mucosa, the distribution of UEA-I, COX-1, MAC-1. ICAM, and Apoptotic cell were objected (Ahhreviation) JST :Jowesungcheong-tang, UEA-I : ulex europaeus agglutinin-I, COX-1: cyclooxyhenase-1, ICAM : intercellular adhesion molecule-1, GPE : Gastropathy elicitated mice 3. The results and Conclusions of study 1) The degree of hemorrhage erosion in GPE-group had increased conspicuously in gastric gland proper. JST -group were the same as normal 2) The noticeable increase of granular lecocytes and lymphocytes in GEP-group were seen, but in JST group, the configuration is decreased 3) The decrease of UEA-I positive reacted cells, COX-1, surface epithelial cells and the increase of MAC-l positive cells, ICAM-l positive cells had shown in GPE-group, but in JST-group UEA-I positive cells, COX-1 surface epithelial cells were in creased and MAC-1 positive cells, ICAM-l positive cells were decreased than GPE-group. 4) A number of apoptotic cells were distributed in hemorrhage erosion. The remarkable decrease of apoptotic cells were shown in JST-group.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.5-14
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• 2010

Background: There have been several reports describing the capability of ginseng extracts as an adjuvant. In this study, we tested if ginsan, a polysaccharide extracted from Panax ginseng, was effective in enhancing antibody response to orally delivered Salmonella antigen. Methods: Ginsan was treated before oral salmonella antigen administration. Salmonella specific antibody was determined by ELISA. mRNA expression was determined by RT-PCR. Cell migration was determined by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. COX expression was detected by western blot. Results: Ginsan treatment before oral Salmonella antigen delivery significantly increased both secretory and serum antibody production. Ginsan increased the expression of COX in the Peyer's patches. Various genes were screened and we found that CCL3 mRNA expression was increased in the Peyer's patch. Ginsan increased dendritic cells in the Peyer's patch and newly migrated dendritic cells were mostly found in the subepithelial dome region. When COX inhibitors were treated, the expression of CCL3 was reduced. COX inhibitor also antagonized both the migration of dendritic cells and the humoral immune response against oral Salmonella antigen. Conclusion: Ginsan effectively enhances the humoral immune response to orally delivered antigen, mediated by CCL3 via COX. Ginsan may serve as a potent vaccine suppliment for oral immunization.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.271-277
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• 2010

We tested to determine if Mori Cortex Radicis extract has antioxidant activities and its potential mechanism of action was explored. Anti-oxidative effects were tested by measuring free radical and nitric Oxide (NO) scavenging activity, and reducing power. Since iNOS and COX-2 are important enzymes responsible for the production of free radicals in the cell, Mori Cortex Radicis extract was tested as to whether it could inhibit iNOS and COX-2 expression in LPS stimulated Raw cells. 70% methanolic extract of Mori Cortex Radicis exerted significant DPPH free radical and NO scavenging activities. In addition, the Mori Cortex Radicis extract exerted dramatic reducing power with maximal activity observed at 1 mg/ml (11-fold over control). Production of iNOS induced by LPS was significantly inhibited by the Mori Cortex Radicis extract, suggesting it could inhibit NO production by suppressing iNOS expression. COX-2 induced by LPS was also significantly inhibited by the Mori Cortex Radicis extract. The extract contains well known antioxidant components including phenolics, flavonoids and anthocyanin at the concentration of 0.23 mg/g, 42.97 mg/g and 12.08 mg/g, respectively. These results suggest that 70% methanolic extract of Mori Cortex Radicis exerts significant anti-oxidant activity via inhibiting iNOS and COX-2 induction.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2005

Cancer is still a major global health concern even after an everlasting strive in conquering this dread disease. Emphasis is now given to chemoprevention to reduce the risk of cancer and also to improve the quality of life among cancer afflicted individuals. Recent progress in molecular biology of cancer has identified key components of the cellular signaling network, whose functional abnormality results in undesired alterations in cellular homeostasis, creating a cellular microenvironment that favors premalignant and malignant transformation. Multiple lines of evidence suggest an elevated expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is causally linked to cancer. In response to oxidative/pro-inflammatory stimuli, turning on unusual signaling arrays mediated through diverse classes of kinases and transcription factors results in aberrant expression of COX-2. Population-based as well as laboratory studies have explored a broad spectrum of chemopreventive agents including selective COX-2 inhibitors and a wide variety of anti-inflammatory phytochemicals, which have been shown to target cellular signaling molecules as underlying mechanisms of chemoprevention. Thus, unraveling signaling pathways regulating aberrant COX-2 expression and targeted blocking of one or more components of those signal cascades may be exploited in searching chemopreventive agents in the future.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.343-347
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• 2009

Cytochalasin D (CD) is known as a disruptor of actin cytoskeleton architecture in chondrocytes. We have studied the role of CD in retinoic acid (RA) caused dedifferentiation and inflammation responses in rabbit articular chondrocytes. We have examined the effect of CD on RA induced dedifferentiation of chondrocytes. CD inhibited RA induced dedifferentiation determined by Western blot analysis and Alcian blue staining in rabbit articular chondrocytes. Also, CD additionally reduced inflammation response molecules such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) in RA treated cells. Treatment of CD reduced phosphorylation of p38 by treatment of RA. Inhibiton of p38kinase with SB203580 reduced expression of COX-2 and production of $PGE_2$ by treatment of CD in RA treated cells. But, Inhibiton of p38kinase with SB203580 did not any relationship with effect of CD on RA caused dedifferentiation. In summary, our results indicate that CD regulates RA reduced expression of COX-2 and production of PGE2 via p38kinase pathway.

• 한국응용약물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국응용약물학회 2001년도 추계학술대회 및 정기총회
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• pp.86-86
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• 2001

Based on the potential inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) as anti-inflammatory or cancer chemopreventive agents, we have evaluated the active principles of COX-2 inhibition from natural products. The methanol extract of the cortex of Eugenia caryoplyllata (Myrtaceae) showed the potent inhibition of prostaglandin E$_2$(PGE$_2$) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 cells (98.3% inhibition at the test concentration of 10 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$) Further, hexane-soluble layer was the most active partition compared to ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water -soluble parts. By bioassay-guided fractionation of hexane-soluble layer, eugenol was isolated and exhibited a significant suppression of PGE$_2$ production (IC$\_$50/=0.06$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$). In addition, eugenol suppressed the COX-2 gene expression in LPS-stimulated mouse macrop-hage cells. Therfore, eugenol might be a plausible lead candidate for further developing the COX-2 inhibitor as an anti-inflammatory or cancer chemopreventive agent.

• 한국응용약물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국응용약물학회 2003년도 Annual Meeting of KSAP : International Symposium on Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences on Obesity
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• pp.96-96
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• 2003

Previously, wogonin (5,7-dihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone) was found to suppress proinflammatory enzyme expression including cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), contributing to in vivo anti-inflammatory activity against skin inflammation. However, the detailed effect on each skin cell type has not been understood. Therefore, present investigation was carried out to find the effect of wogonin on inflammation-associated gene expression from skin fibroblasts in culture using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. As a result, it was found that wogonin (10 - 100 ${\mu}$M) clearly down-regulated COX -2 expression from NIH/3T3 cells treated with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate, interleukin-1${\beta}$ or tumor necrosis factor-a. But, the expression levels of COX-1, interleukin-1${\beta}$ and fibronectin were not significantly affected. This finding was well correlated with significant reduction of prostaglandin E$_2$(PGE$_2$) production by wogonin. As a comparison, NS-398 (selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor) did not suppress COX -2 expression and other gene levels, while PGE$_2$production was potently reduced at 0.1 - 10 ${\mu}$M. All these results suggest that COX -2 down-regulation of skin fibroblasts may be, at least in part, one of anti-inflammatory mechanisms of wogonin against skin inflammation.

• 응용통계연구
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.39-52
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• 2007

협심증 치료의 신약에 대한 교차계획 임상시험(crossover clinical trials)에서 신약의 효능을 알아보는 운동테스트(treadmill exercise test) 결과는 중도절단 생존시간(censored survival times)으로 측정된다. 이 논문에서는 교차계획에서 수집된 중도절단 생존자료의 여러 가지 분석법에 대해 설명한다. 중도절단을 감안한 비모수적 방법들과 층화 Cox 비례위험모형 (stratified Cox proportional hazards model)에 근거한 분석법이 제시되었다. 한편, 교차계획의 두 시기에 걸쳐 수집된 생존시간의 차(difference)로부터 구간절단자료(interval censored data)가 생성되며 이에 근거한 분석법으로서 이 논문에서는 구간절단자료에 대한 Cox 비례위험모형 (proportional hazards model)의 가능성을 알아보며, 예제 자료로써 여러 방법들의 결과를 비교해 본다.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.520-525
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• 2012

Prostaglandin (PG) $E_2$, the most abundant prostaglandin in the human body, is synthesized from arachidonic acid via the actions of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. $PGE_2$ exerts homeostatic, cytoprotective, inflammatory, and in some cases anti-inflammatory effects. Also, it has been reported that $PGE_2$ is involved in hair growth. Diphlorethohydroxycarmalol (DPHC) is a phlorotannin compound isolated from the brown algae Ishige okamurae, with various biological activities in vitro and in vivo. In this study, the biological effect and mechanism of action of DPHC on prostaglandin synthesis in HaCaT human keratinocytes was examined. The results showed that, in these cells, DPHC significantly and dose-dependently induced $PGE_2$ synthesis by increasing the protein and mRNA levels of COX-1 and COX-2. Interestingly, DPHC-induced COX-1 expression preceded that of COX-2. Also, while both rofecoxib and indomethacin inhibited $PGE_2$ production, the latter was seems to be the more potent. From above results, we can expect that DPHC has some beneficial effects via increasing of $PGE_2$ production.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.149-153
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• 2017

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-mediated prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) plays a key role in development and progression of inflammatory responses and Porphyromonas gingivalis is a common endodontic pathogen. In this study, we investigated induction of COX-2 and $PGE_2$ by P. gingivalis in human dental pulp cells (HDPCs). P. gingivalis increased expression of COX-2, but not that of COX-1. Increased levels of $PGE_2$ were released from P. gingivalis-infected HDPCs and this $PGE_2$ increase was blocked by celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor. P. gingivalis activated all three types of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). P. gingivalis-induced activation of nuclear $factor-{\kappa}B$ ($NF-{\kappa}B$) was demonstrated by the results of phosphorylation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65 and degradation of inhibitor of ${\kappa}B-{\alpha}$ ($I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$). Pharmacological inhibition of each of the three types of MAPKs and $NF-{\kappa}B$ substantially attenuated P. gingivalis-induced $PGE_2$ production. These results suggest that P. gingivalis should promote endodontic inflammation by stimulating dental pulp cells to produce $PGE_2$.