• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.166-174
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• 2001

Objectives : To obtain basic data on blood lead level and urinary level of arsenic and cadmium of children living near a petrochemical estate and a suburban area in Ulsan, Korea and to observe the trend of the changes. In the level of these metals in these children. Methods : The study subjects comprised 626 children living near a petrochemical estate and 299 children living in a suburban area of Ulsan. We analyzed the level of lead, arsenic and cadmium using atomic absorption spectrometer. Results : The mean levels of blood lead in children living near the petrochemical estate were $5.25{\mu}g/dl,\;5.24{\mu}g/dl,\;and\;7.24{\mu}g/dl$, and in the years 1997, 1999, and 2000, respectively, whereas those of children living in the suburban area were $3.81{\mu}g/dl,\;4.75{\mu}g/dl,\;and\;7.19{\mu}g/dl$ respectively. The mean levels of urinary arsenic in children living near the petrochemical estate were $4.57{\mu}g/g$ creatinine, $4.78{\mu}g/g$ creatinine, and $6.02{\mu}g/g$ creatinine in the year 1997, 1999, and 2000 respectively, whereas those of children living in suburban area were $2.35{\mu}g/g$ creatinine, $4.75{\mu}g/g$ creatinine, and $7.07{\mu}g/g$ creatinine, respectively. The mean levels of urinary cadmium in children living near the petrochemical estate were $1.15{\mu}g/g$ creatinine, $1.05{\mu}g/g$ creatinine, and $1.71{\mu}g/g$ creatinine in the year 1997, 1999, and 2000, respectively, whereas those of the children living in the suburban area were $0.74{\mu}g/g$ creatinine, $1.29{\mu}g/g$ creatinine, and $1.48{\mu}g/g$ creatinine, respectively. There were increasing trends in the level of blood lead, urinary arsenic and cadmium of children in Ulsan, and the differences in the level of these metals were disappearing between the children living in other areas year by year. Conclusions : These results suggest that the amount of exposure to lead, arsenic, and cadmium is increasing from year to year, and there is a need for periodic biological and atmospheric monitoring of these metals in Ulsan.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.22-27
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• 1980

Quantitative assessment of edge blunting of saw-teeth was carried out by TALYSURF. 1. Using the following equation, the real shape of a saw-tooth can be traced on the graph of TALYSURF. ${\frac{{\Delta}h}{h}}={\frac{V{\Delta}_x}{V_x}}$ {${\Delta}h$: vertical distance of stylus h: vertical distance in chart $V{\Delta}_x$: Velocity of stylus $V_x$: velocity of chart} 2. As shown on Fig 2, the error from stylus itself can be calculated by following equation. i) 13.8${\mu}{\leqq}$x<20.4${\mu}$ y=-0.2246x+4.59${\mu}$ ii) 0${\leqq}$x<13.8${\mu}$ y=${\sqrt{(-18{\mu})^2-x^2}}-1.42x+32.7{\mu}}$ 3. The relationship between profile of saw-tooth and error from stylus itself can be calculated by following equation. $E(%)=\frac{f(r){\times}{\frac{4}{18{\mu}}}}{f(R){\times}{\frac{R}{18.5{\mu}}}-f(r){\times}{\frac{r}{18{\mu}}}}{\times}100$ {E(%)${\frac{error\;of\;stylus}{dullness\;of\;saw\;tooth}}{\times}100$ r: radius of stylus tip R: radius of tip which is drawn in graph of talysurf f(r) : error of stylus f(R) : dullness of tip which is drawn in graph of talysurf} 4. The graph of maximum error and profile of saw-tooth was parabola.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.874-881
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• 1997

In order to estimate toxicity of copper, radmium and chromium on survival, growth and oxygen consumption of the estuarine mysid, Neomysis awatschensis, adult and juvenile, the experiments were conducted by renewal bioassay method at $20{\pm}1^{\circ}C\;and\;20{\pm}1\%_{\circ}$ salinity. The $96hr-LC_{50}$ of the mysid exposed to cadmium, copper and chromium was 20.2, 11.3 and $670.4\;{\mu}g/\ell$ in adut and 3.4, 1.9 and $49.4\;{\mu}g/\ell$ in juvenile, respectively, and were ranked in order of toxicity : copper >cadmium >chromium. Survival rates of the mysid exposed to the sublethal concentrations of heavy metals for 40 days were significantly affected by cadmium $\geq1.0\;{\mu}g/\ell$ and copper $\geq0.6\;{\mu}g/\ell$ concentrations. The growth rate of the mysid exposed to $cadmium\geq2.0\;{\mu}g\ell$ and copper $\geq1.2\;{\mu}g/\ell$ concentrations were significantly reduced than that exposed to normal condition, but there was no affect on intermoult period. Oxygen consumption rate of the mysid exposed to heavy metals was significantly reduced with increasing heavy metals concentrations. The results of the present study led us to conclude that concentrations levels cadmium$\geq1.0\;{\mu}g\ell$ and copper $\geq0.6\;{\mu}g\ell$ of the estuarine could markedly affect the distribution and population of the mysid by reduced survival, growth and oxygen consumption rate.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.800-806
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• 2015

The aim of this study was to investigate whether intracisternal administrations of triptolide and N-nitro-L-arginine Methyl Ester (L-NAME) are involved in the regulation of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain. The TMJ pain was induced by the injection of 5% formalin ($30{\mu}l$) into TMJ capsule of rats. The pain behavioral responses was recorded the number of grooming or scratching on the left TMJ area for 9 successive 5 minutes intervals. Triptolide and L-NAME were administrated intracisternally 10 minutes before formalin injection. The intra-articular injection of formalin produced a biphasic pattern of pain response (first phase: 0~10 minutes and second phase: 11~45 minutes). The intracisternal administration of triptolide ($1{\mu}g/10{\mu}l$) and L-NAME ($0.1{\mu}g/10{\mu}l$) suppressed the TMJ pain behavior in each experiment. Co-administration of two drugs was shown the enhanced effect than the analgesic effect by single-administration of triptolide ($1{\mu}g/10{\mu}l$). The triptolide could be a useful analgesic agent for the treatment of TMJ pain, and it is expected to reduce the substantial amount of it via co-administration of synthetic chemical compound and natural products.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.733-739
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• 2015

Microalgae are a renewable natural resource that requires only sunlight, carbon dioxide, phosphorus, and nitrogen for rapid growth. They produce a broad variety of basic chemical substances―such as vitamins, fatty acids and carotenoids―that have high added value potential for the pharmaceutical and food industries. The aim of this study was to develop axenic culture and to establish a cell growth assay for microalgae. A further experiment was carried out to determine the yield of astaxanthin derived from microalgae. The axenic culture was developed using a mixture of antibiotics [ampicillin (100 ${\mu}g/ml$), streptomycin (10 ${\mu}g/ml$), chloramphenicol (10 ${\mu}g/ml$), penicillin (10 ${\mu}g/ml$), neomycin (50 ${\mu}g/ml$), gentamycin (50 ${\mu}g/ml$), kanamycin (10 ${\mu}g/ml$), and nystatin (1.5 ${\mu}g/ml$)] and then used to extract a variety of useful components from the microalgae. The optimal concentration for the antibiotic mixture was 1-3 percent. A spectrophotometric cell growth assay was also established. Astaxanthin was extracted from Haematococus lacustris with a yield of $1.9{\times}10^{-3}{\mu}g/l$ per 1 ml of culture medium. In conclusion, the axenic culture method developed here allows extraction of high-quality astaxanthin and other useful components from microalgae.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.131-136
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• 1993

In the present study, the effect of $HgCl_2$on the function of human peripheral polymorphonuclear leukocytes(PMNs) was examined. PMNs were isolated from human peripheral blood with density centrifugation in Ficoll-Paque. The cells were then incubated with $0.5{\sim}5{\mu}M\;HgCl_2$and glass adherence, chemotactic activity and erythrocyte-antibody rosette forming activity were measured. $HgCl_2$ decreased the function of PMNs in all three aspects tested. $HgCl_2$significantly diminished glass adherence(40.5 {\mu}M: 92{\pm}12%$ (percentage of control, $mean{\pm}$ S.D.); 41 {\mu}M: 46{\pm}11%,$ P<0.01; $3{\mu}M: 35{\pm}7%,$P<0.01;$5{\mu}M:49{\pm}10%,$ P<0.01). Similarly, significant differences were observed in chemotactic activity after $HgCl_2$treatment compared with control (control: $0.95{\pm}0.14mm; 0.5 {\mu}M: 0.91{\pm}0.11 mm; 1 {\mu}M: 0.77{\pm}0.16mm, P<0.05; 3{\mu}M: 0.61{\pm} 0.06mm, P<0.01; 5{\mu}M: 0.15{\pm}0.03 mm, P<0.01).$ Also, 4HgCl_2$decreased the percentage of rosette-forming PMNs, indicating diminished phagocytic activity of PMNs upon $HgCl_2$ exposure compared with control (control: $58{\pm}4%; 1{\mu}M: 53{\pm}4%, p<0.05; 3{\mu}M: 49{\pm}3%, P<0.01; 5{\mu}M: 46{\pm}3%, P<0.01).$ Cell viability was not antered after $HgCl_2$treatment (483{\pm}5%$ viability in control PMNs versus $81{\pm}8%$ viability in $5{\mu}M$ Hg-treated PMNs), suggesting that the impaired PMN function after $HgCl_2$treatment was not due to nonspecific cytotoxicity induced by $HgCl_2$. $HgCl_2$-induced decrease in the function of PMNs may have some implications in depressed host susceptibilityupon bacterial challenge after mercury exposure.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.10 no.1 s.22
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• pp.79-84
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• 2007

Objective : This experimental study was performed to investigate the effect of Coptidis rhizoma extract compared with quantity on Staphylococcus epidermidis that induce keratitis. Methods : MIC was measured by dropping to 50${\mu}l$ according to density Coptidis rhizoma extract(100%, 10%, 1%, 0.1%) compared with quantity(40g, 80g, 160g). Anti-bacterial potency was measured by the size of inhibition zone with change of volume. Results : 1. MIC on Staphylococcus epidermidis in Coptidis rhizoma extract was showed anti-bacterial potency compared with quantity and density in 100% and 10% of all samples(40g, 80g, 160g). 2. MIC on Staphylococcus epidermidis in Coptidis rhizoma extract(40g, 80g, 160g) was showed anti-bacterial potency compared with quantity all samples($20{\mu}l$, $30{\mu}l$, $40{\mu}l$, $50{\mu}l$) in 100% density, but anti-bacterial potency of 80g, $50{\mu}l$ Coptidis rhizoma extract decreased compared with 40g, $50{\mu}l$. 3. MIC on Staphylococcus epidermidis in 40g Coptidis rhizoma extract was showed in $50{\mu}l$, $40{\mu}l$ of 10% density, 80g Coptidis rhizoma extract was showed in $50{\mu}l$ of 10% density, 160g Coptidis rhizoma extract was showed in $50{\mu}l$, $40{\mu}l$, $30{\mu}l$ of 10% density. Conclusions : Coptidis rhizoma extract was showed anti-bacterial potency compare with quantity and density. In herbal drug, anti-bacterial potency compare with quantity and density must be studied.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.33-41
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• 1991

A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed for the simultaneous determination of theophylline(TP) and its metabolites, 1-methyluric acid (1-MU) and 1,3-dimethyluric acid (1,3-DMU), in rat plasma and urine. An $100\;{\mu}l$ aliquot of a plasma or urine sample was mixed with $250\;{\mu}l$ of acetonitrite and vortexed. After centrifugation, $200\;{\mu}l$ (plasma) or $20\;{\mu}l$ (urine) aliquot of the supernatant was dried by $N_2$ stream and redissolved in $100\;{\mu}l$ (plasma) or $200\;{\mu}l$ (urine) of the mobile phase. A $20\;{\mu}l$ of the mobile phase solution was injected onto a $C_{18}$ reversed-phase column. The column was maintained at $45^{\circ}C$ by the aid of electric heating jacket. The mobile phase was a 3%(v/v) methanol solution in deionized water which contains sodium acetate (100 mM) and tetrabutyl ammonium hydroxide (4 mM). pH of the mobile phase was adjusted 4.5 by the addition of acetic acid. Detection limits for TP, 1-MU, and 1,3-DMU in plasma were 0.2, 0.1 and $0.1\;{\mu}/ml$, respectively and the corresponding values in urine were all $5\;{\mu}g/ml$. Inter- and intra-day variability of the assay for all compounds in the plasma samples was less than 5.5 and 3.8%, respectively. The retention times for 1-MU, 1,3-DMU, and TP were approximately 7, 8.5 and 18 min, respectively. Sample preparation procedure used in this method was simple, rapid and reproducible. Renal clearance of TP and its metabolites in rats showed plasma concentration dependency indicating renal tubular secretion and reabsorption of them.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.357-367
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• 2000

The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content in sewage sludge and in farm soils were determined by gas chromatography linked to mass spectrometry (GC/MS) with use 2-ethylantracene as internal standards. Twelve PAH were identified in both sludges with naphthalene ($0.78{\mu}g/g$) being the most predominant in industrial sludge and pyrene ($0.26{\mu}g/g$) in municipal sludge. The total PAR content in industrial sludge and in municipal sludge were $1.74{\mu}g/g$ and $1.19{\mu}g/g$ respectively. PAH were contained in paddy soils and the concentration were very low in the range of $0.01-0.04{\mu}g/g$. The total PAH content in industrial and in municipal sludge were about 9.2 times and 6.3 times greater than in paddy soils ($0.19{\mu}g/g$).

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.63-74
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• 1992

The resonant formation rates of muonic molecular ion dtr in the muon-catalyzed fusion are calculated in various fuel temperatures and densities. The elastic scattering cross sections between t$\mu$ and deuterons are obtained by making use of the partial wave method. The transition property of the excited compound molecule [(dt$\mu$)dee]＊ derived by the impulse approximation in the form of a bound-state form factor. The radiative, Auger, and collisional deexcitations are considered as the deexcitation mechanisms of the excited dt$\mu$, and each deexcitation width is calculated as well as back decay width. The resultant reaction widths are used to calculate the formation cross sections of resonant dt$\mu$. The resonant formation rates for dt$\mu$-d and dt$\mu$-t collisions are computed as functions of fuel temperature and density. The calculations show that the resonant formation rates increase with fuel densities and have the maximum values at the particular temperatures where the relative collision energies are equal to the resonant ones.