• Molecules and Cells
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• v.39 no.11
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• pp.821-826
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• 2016

The ${\beta}$-catenin functions as an adhesion molecule and a component of the Wnt signaling pathway. In the absence of the Wnt ligand, ${\beta}$-catenin is constantly phosphorylated, which designates it for degradation by the APC complex. This process is one of the key regulatory mechanisms of ${\beta}$-catenin. The level of ${\beta}$-catenin is also controlled by the E3 ubiquitin protein ligase SIAH-1 via a phosphorylation-independent degradation pathway. Similar to ${\beta}$-catenin, STAT3 is responsible for various cellular processes, such as survival, proliferation, and differentiation. However, little is known about how these molecules work together to regulate diverse cellular processes. In this study, we investigated the regulatory relationship between STAT3 and ${\beta}$-catenin in HEK293T cells. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report that ${\beta}$-catenin-TCF-4 transcriptional activity was suppressed by phosphorylated STAT3; furthermore, STAT3 inactivation abolished this effect and elevated activated ${\beta}$-catenin levels. STAT3 also showed a strong interaction with SIAH-1, a regulator of active ${\beta}$-catenin via degradation, which stabilized SIAH-1 and increased its interaction with ${\beta}$-catenin. These results suggest that activated STAT3 regulates active ${\beta}$-catenin protein levels via stabilization of SIAH-1 and the subsequent ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation of ${\beta}$-catenin in HEK293T cells.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.822-829
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• 1997

When $Al_2(SO_4)_3$ as an accelerator was added to $\beta$-hemihydrate gypsum, the setting time, mobility and compressive strength properties of $\beta$-hemihydrate gypsum were examined with the adding of two types grounded gypsum crushed by ball mill. By 15wt% adding of 7% $Al_2(SO_4)_3$ dilute solution, the setting time of $\beta$-hemihydrate gypsum was sharply accelerated than that of non-added $\beta$-hemihydrate gypsum. When ground phospho gypsum(PG) and chemical gypsum(CG) were added to $\beta$-hemihydrate gypsum, the initial and final setting time of $\beta$-hemihydrate gypsum were accelerated markedly with the increasing of grinding time and added amount of ground phospho gypsum. Especially, this trend largely presented when ground phospho gypsum was added to $\beta$-hemihydrate gypsum. The compressive strength of $\beta$-hemihydrate gypsum added by ground phospho and chemical gypsum was largely increased at initial curing time such as 1, 3 days. Particularly, the compressive strength of $\beta$-hemihydrate gypsum added by ground phospho gypsum was increased by 15~20% than that of ground chemical gypsum.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.216-220
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• 2004

${\beta}$-CD and CM- ${\beta}$-CD as chiral NMR shift agents were used to resolve the enantiomers of noradrenaline (NA). The stoichiometry of each complex formed between the CDs and the enantiomers of NA was found to be 1 : 1 through the continuous variation plots. The binding constants (K) of the complexes were determined from $^1H$ NMR titration curves. This result indicated that both ${\beta}$-CD and CM- ${\beta}$-CD formed the complexes with the S(+)-NA more preferentially than its R(-)-enantiomer. The K values for the complexes with ${\beta}$-CD ($K_{S(+)}$ = 537 $M^{-1}$ and $K_{R(-)}$ = 516 $M^{-1}$ was larger than those with CM- ${\beta}$-CD ($K_{S(+)}$ = 435 $M^{-1}$ and $K_{R(-)}$ = 313 $M^{-1}$), however, enantioselectivity (${\alpha}$) of S(+)- and R(-)-NA to CM- ${\beta}$-CD ( ${\alpha}$ = 1.38) was larger than that to ${\beta}$-CD ( ${\alpha}$ = 1.04), indicating that CM- ${\beta}$-CD was the better chiral NMR solvating agents for the recognition of the enantiomers of NA. Two dimensional rotating frame nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy (ROESY) experiments were also performed to explain the binding properties in terms of spatial fitting of the NA molecule into the macrocyclic cavities.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.389-396
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• 1997

Arrest in embryo development during in vitro culture has been reported in various mammals. Although some cause of the arrest have been suggested, little is known of the way that can overcome the arrest using in vitro culture system. The antioxidant, $\beta$-mercaptoethanol($\beta$-ME), has been shown to play an important role in embryo development. This study was designed to examine the effect of $\beta$-ME on the developing boving embryos produced in vitro by IVM and IVF. To select a, pp.opriate concentration of $\beta$-ME during whole culture period (7 days), various concentrations (10, 50 and 100$\mu$M) of $\beta$-ME were added to the CZB medium and their effects was significantly higher in 100$\mu$M of $\beta$-ME. The effects on development of embryos cultured with and without somatic cells to blastocyst stage were greater in FCS treatment (56.6 and 29.3%) than in BSA treatment(25.5 and 12.8%). We also evaluated the effects of $\beta$-ME addition on the blastocyst formation when embryos at different stages were exposed to 100$\mu$M $\beta$-ME. $\beta$-ME promoted increased development of embryo to blastocyst stage and the effect was greater in 6-cell to morula embryos than in embryos fewer than 4-cells at the initiation of treatment. The results suggested that $\beta$-ME can improve bovine embryo development by overcoming the arrest in early development.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.247-251
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to prepare the granule using protein-bound polysaccharide isolated from Agaricus blazei Murill. Moisture content was the highest in granule formed with dextrin(DE=9). Sugar content of granule in relation to the forming agent was the highest in granule formed with ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin. pH and protein content were not affected by the forming agent. L and b values were high in granules formed with dextrin(DE=9) and ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin, respectively. Solubility of granule formed with dextrin(DE=23) and ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin was higher than that of formed with dextrin(DE=9), while there was no significant difference between dextrin(DE=23) and ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin. Rate of water absorption was the highest in granule formed with ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin, while the lowest in granule formed with dextrin(DE=9). Overall acceptance of three granules were acceptable in granule formed with ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.420-427
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• 2015

It is necessary to understand the cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of food-grade delivery systems, such as ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin (${\beta}$-lg) nanoparticles, for the application of bioactive compounds to functional foods. The objectives of this study were to investigate the relationships between the physicochemical properties of ${\beta}$-lg nanoparticles, such as particle size and zeta-potential value, and their cellular uptakes and cytotoxicity in Caco-2 cells. Physicochemical properties of ${\beta}$-lg nanoparticles were evaluated using particle size analyzer. Flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy were used to investigate cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of ${\beta}$-lg nanoparticles. The ${\beta}$-lg nanoparticles with various particle sizes (98 to 192 nm) and zeta-potential values (-14.8 to -17.6 mV) were successfully formed. A decrease in heating temperature from $70^{\circ}C$ to $60^{\circ}C$ resulted in a decrease in the particle size and an increase in the zeta-potential value of ${\beta}$-lg nanoparticles. Non-cytotoxicity was observed in Caco-2 cells treated with ${\beta}$-lg nanoparticles. There was an increase in cellular uptake of ${\beta}$-lg nanoparticles with a decrease in particle size and an increase in zeta-potential value. Cellular uptake ${\beta}$-lg nanoparticles was negatively correlated with particle size and positively correlated with zeta-potential value. Therefore, these results suggest that the particle size and zeta-potential value of ${\beta}$-lg nanoparticles play an important role in the cellular uptake. The ${\beta}$-lg nanoparticles can be used as a delivery system in foods due to its high cellular uptake and non-cytotoxicity.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.1060-1065
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• 2008

A novel benzoyl glucoside (4) and 13 known phenolic compounds were isolated from the leaves of Camellia japonica by a guided 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. The structure of 4 was determined to be 4-hydroxy-2-methoxyphenol 1-O-$\beta$-D-(6'-O-p-hydroxylbenzoyl)-glucopyranoside (camelliadiphenoside). The 13 known compounds were identified as (E)-coniferyl alcohol (1), (-)-epicatechin (2), 4-hydroxyphenol 1-O-$\beta$-D-(6-O-p-hydroxybenzoyl) glucopyranoside (3), naringenin 7-O-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (5), quercetin 3-O-$\beta$-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1$\rightarrow$6)-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (6), kaempferol 3-O-$\beta$-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1$\rightarrow$6)-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (7), (+)-catechin (8), 1,6-di-O-p-hydroxybenzoyl-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (9), phloretin 2'-O-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (10), quercetin 3-O-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (11), quercetin 3-O-$\beta$-D-galactopyranoside (12), kaempferol 3-O-$\beta$-D-galactopyranoside (13), and kaempferol 3-O-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (14). Their chemical structures were determined by the spectroscopic data of fast atom bondardment mass spectrometry (FABMS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Flavonoids having the catechol moiety showed significantly higher DPPH radical scavenging activity than other isolated compounds having monohydroxy phenyl group.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.131-138
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• 2013

Insulin resistance and pancreatic beta cell dysfunction have been established as being related to the diabetes. Lately, what is emphasizing is that those have been shown as something related to the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. Homeostasis model assessment (HOMA), simple index is calculated on blood levels of fasting glucose and insulin. And HOMA has been widely validated and applied for insulin resistance and pancreatic beta cell dysfunction. We also assessed the factors relative to insulin resistance and ${\beta}$ cell function determined by HOMA. The data from the 2010 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used. Analysis was done for 3,465 nondiabetic subjects (male 1,357, female 2,108). At baseline, anthropometric measurements were done and fasting glucose, insulin, lipid (Total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and Triglycerides) profiles were measured. HOMA-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and beta cell function (HOMA ${\beta}$-cell) were calculated from fasting glucose and insulin levels. In male, the value of HOMA-IR and HOMA ${\beta}$-cell was the highest among 30's and decreased as the age increased. In female, the value of HOMA-IR increased with age, while HOMA ${\beta}$-cell decreased. High HOMA-IR and low HOMA ${\beta}$-cell were associated with the highest value of fasting glucose and systolic blood pressure. Low HOMA-IR and high HOMA ${\beta}$-cell showed the lowest concentration of fasting glucose and the highest concentration of HDL cholesterol. High HOMA-IR and high HOMA ${\beta}$-cell were connected with BMI, Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and Triglycerides. There was a negative correlation between HOMA ${\beta}$-cell and age. The correlation coefficients of HOMA-IR and HOMA ${\beta}$-cell showed the highest value among weight, BMI and WC.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.552-557
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• 2009

Objective : Interferon-$\beta$, (IFN-$\beta$) has been used in the treatment of cancers. Inhibition of the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX) with celecoxib had a significantly suppressive effect on tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis in a variety of tumors. The aim of this study was to elucidate the antiglioma effect of combined treatment with IFN-$\beta$ and celecoxib in U87 glioma model. Methods : The in vitro effects of IFN-$\beta$ (50-1,000 IU/mL) and celecoxib ($50-250\;{\mu}M$) alone or combination of both on the proliferation and apoptosis of U87 cells were tested using MTT assay, FACS analysis and DNA condensation. To determine the in vivo effect, nude mice bearing intracerebral U87 xenograft inoculation were treated with IFN-$\beta$ intraperitoneally ($2{\times}10^5\;IU/day$ for 15 days), celecoxib orally (5, 10 mg/kg) or their combination. Results : IFN-$\beta$ or celecoxib showed an inhibitory effect on the proliferation of U87 cells. When U87 cells were treated with IFN-$\beta$ and celecoxib combination, it seemed that IFN-$\beta$ interrupted the antiproliferative and apoptotic activity of celecoxib. No additive effect was observed on the survival of the tumor bearing mice by the combination of IFN-$\beta$ and celecoxib. Conclusion : These results suggest that IFN-$\beta$ seems to inhibit the antiglioma effect of celecoxib, therefore combination of IFN-$\beta$ and celecoxib may be undesirable in the treatment of glioma.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.121-127
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• 1994

A procedure for the direct detection of (1-3)-$\beta$-glucanase isozymes in electrophoresis gels was developed. The procedure employed the commercial preparation of AZCL-pachyman as a chromogenic substrate for (1-3)-$\beta$-glucanases. The procedure detected the three basic isozymes which have been known to be expressed in germinating barley kernels. A major acidic and a minor isozymes were also detected in germinating kernels. The procedure was proved to be fast, simple and sensitive enough to be used for the analysis of the expression of (1-3)-$\beta$-glucanase isozymes in plant tissues. The detection limit of the procedure for the commercial preparation of Penicillium (1-3)-$\beta$-glucanase was estimated to be as low as 50$\mu$U. The procedure could be used for the investigation of (1-3)-$\beta$-glucanases in laboratories facilitated with ordinary equipments and research personnel.