• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.125-135
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• 2015

Let R be a commutative ring and U an R-module. The aim of this paper is to study the duality between U-reflexive (pre)envelopes and U-reflexive (pre)covers of R-modules.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.459-467
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• 2013

In this paper, Matlis injective modules are introduced and studied. It is shown that every R-module has a (special) Matlis injective preenvelope over any ring R and every right R-module has a Matlis injective envelope when R is a right Noetherian ring. Moreover, it is shown that every right R-module has an ${\mathcal{F}}^{{\perp}1}$-envelope when R is a right Noetherian ring and $\mathcal{F}$ is a class of injective right R-modules.

• Proceedings of the Acoustical Society of Korea Conference
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• 1996.10a
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• pp.70-75
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• 1996

In this paper, the pre-precessing method for the recognition of single vowels by use of spectrum envelope is presented , we use new method of an extrating spectrum envelope using the diffusion filter bank. We reduced the total processing time, and got higher enhancement of discrimination . By getting 88.3% of average recognition rate for single vowels of real voice through computer simulation, we confirmed it to be useful for speech recongition which use spectrum analysis for voice signal to have many frequency components.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-23
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• 2013

The wind-induced transient response of internal pressure following the creation of a sudden dominant opening during the occurrence of high external pressure, in low-rise residential and industrial buildings was numerically investigated. The values of the ill-defined parameters namely the flow contraction coefficient, loss coefficient and the effective slug length were calibrated by matching the analytical response with the computational fluid dynamics predictions. The effect of a sudden i.e., "instantaneously created" windward opening in the Texas Technical University (TTU) test building envelope was studied for two different envelope flexibility-leakage combinations namely: (1) a quasi-statically flexible and non-porous envelope and (2) a quasi-statically flexible and porous envelope. The responses forced by creating the openings at different time leads/lags with respect to the occurrence of the peak external pressure showed that for cases where the openings are created in close temporal proximity to the peak pressure, the transient overshoot values of internal pressure could be higher than the peak values of internal pressure in the pre-sequent or subsequent resonant response. In addition, the influence of time taken for opening creation on the level of overshoot was also investigated for the TTU building for the two different envelope characteristics. Non-dimensional overshoot factors are presented for a variety of cavity volume-opening area combinations for (1) buildings with rigid/quasi-statically flexible non-porous envelope, and (2) buildings with rigid/quasi-statically flexible and porous envelope (representing most low rise residential and industrial buildings). While the factors appear slightly on the high side due to conservative assumptions made in the analysis, a careful consideration regarding the implication of the timing and magnitude of such overshoots during strong gusts, in relation to the steady state internal pressure response in cyclonic regions, is warranted.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.52-54
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• 2003

We propose an improved algorithm for detecting audio watermarks based on a spread spectrum in the spectral domain. Since the energy of a watermark is much smaller than that of the cover audio data, pre-processing to reduce the effect of the cover data is needed to reliably extract watermarks. We introduce a spectral envelope filter as a pre-process that enhances detecting performance by filtering out the intrinsic spectral character of cover data. The proposed watermarking structure can be easily included in the compression system and can extract watermarks from partially decompressed spectral data. Our experimental results demonstrate that with a bit error rate of around 10 dB against general attacks, the proposed detecting scheme works better than detectors without the spectral filter.

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.313-321
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• 2014

A low-power low-cost polar transmitter for EDGE is designed in $0.18{\mu}m$ CMOS. A differential delta-sigma modulator (DSM) tunes a three-terminal voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) to perform RF phase modulation, where the VCO tuning curve is digitally pre-compensated for high linearity and the carrier frequency is calibrated by a dual-mode low-power frequency-locked loop (FLL). A digital intermediate-frequency (IF) pulse-width5 modulator (PWM) drives a complementary power-switch followed by an LC filter to achieve envelope modulation with high efficiency. The proposed transmitter with 9mW power dissipation relaxes the time alignment between the phase and envelope modulations, and achieves an error vector magnitude (EVM) of 4% and phase noise of -123dBc/Hz at 400kHz offset frequency.

• Aerospace Engineering and Technology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.27-35
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• 2005

In this study, a performance analysis code was developed for the off-design performance analysis of air turbo ramjet(ATR) engine, and the analyses were performed for the pre-designed ATR engine at several operating points in the envelope. Variable intake and thrust nozzle were assumed to cover the wide envelope. Mathematical models for each components were developed to calculate their off-design performance. Simple design formulas were introduced for some components to explore the performance variation versus the design parameters. As a result, the pre-defined engine couldn't cover the entire mission profile. And it was also found that the effect of the pre-cooler was not very great, especially in the region of low Mach number.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.18 no.8
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• pp.1847-1853
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• 2014

The PAPR of the input signal is increased due to OFDMA signal in a mobile communication system. High efficiency of a power amplifier, which accounts for power consumption, is a very important key technology. Digital Pre-Distortion techniques were used to improve the linearity of the power amplifier. The Asymmetric Doherty scheme was used to improve the efficiency of the power amplifier. In this paper, we propose a new structure of Asymmetric Doherty. Drive power amplifier part is separated as main path and peak path, and phase shifter is employed to improve power combine characteristics of the Doherty Amplifier. Also, envelope tracking technology for drive gate bais in drive peak amplifier is used to improve efficiency.

• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.209-219
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• 2005

Tor-torsion theory was defined by Jan Trlifaj in 2000. In this paper we introduce the notion of Co envelopes, CoCovers and Tor-generators as dual of envelopes, covers and generators in cotorsion(Ext-torsion) theory and deduce that each R-module has a projective and a cotorsion coprecover.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.6-12
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• 1990

The preS2 wequence of an adr hepatitis B virus was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli as a $\beta$-galactosidase fusion polypeptide. Recombinant preS2 product interacted with the preS2-specific monoclonal antibody H8 which was induced by surface antigen particles isolated from a Korean gepatitis patient. The H8 showed only a minor cross-reactivity with recombinant preS2 product of adw2 subtype. Determination of nucleotide sequence of the adr preS2 revealed that twelve amino acid residue substitutions between adr and adw2 subtype sequences. The antigenic determinant to H8 must include some of these differences.