• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.16-21
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• 1966

This experiment was accomplished to study the effect affecting to the absorption of creosote solutions by treating temperatures 20, 50 and $80^{\circ}C$ when the small test pieces were treated as short timed immersion process. The test speciemens used in this experiment were cut into 180 pieces of $2.5{\times}2.5{\times}5cm$ size from the air dried sapwood of Righda Pine (Pinus rigida M.). They were controlled to about 8 to 9% moisture contents and measured specific gravities. Four creosote solutions of $S_1$(straight creosote), $S_2$(creosote 70% : heavy oil 30%), $S_3$(creosote 50% : heavy oil 50%) and $S_4$(creosote 30% : heavy oil 70%), and three treating temperatures of $T_1$($20^{\circ}C$), $T_2$($50^{\circ}C$) and $T_3$($80^{\circ}C$) were applied by factorial split plot design in the each treatment of 3, 7, 15, 30 and 60 minutes immersion. According to the results this study may be concluded briefly as follows : 1. In this immersion process the absorption effects of creosote mixtures by the increase of temperatures are recognized considerably in the each treating times. However in the straight creosote of treated solutions the effective differences were not shown but most effective differences were shown in the $S_2$ solution. 2. Although the solutional absorptions were raised considerably by temperature increase in every treating times the absorption effects of creosote mixtures were not reached to that of straight creosote because the effects are considerably lowered if the treating solutions were mixed with heavy oil even a small quantities. 3. The relations between the creosote contents of treating solutions and the absorptions in wood are shown as Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. In these figures the absorption curves made by higher temperature treatment $T_3$ are on the lower treatments $T_1$ and $T_2$ if the solutions were mixed with heavy oil. 4. This report is a part of the consolidated results announced at the annual meetings of Korean Forestry Association in 1964 and 1965.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.296-301
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• 1998

To investigate the effects of ginsenosides from Panax ginseng on mitogenic responses in macrophages and splenocytes from murine, we examined the effects of representative protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol ginsenosides ($Rb_1,\;Rb_2,\;Re\;and\;Rg_1$) on tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-(${\alpha}$) production in murine macrophage cell line (RAW264.7 cells) stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and T cell proliferation in splenocytes stimulated by concanavalin A (Con A). Among the ginsenosides tested, protopanaxadiol ginsenosides ($Rb_1\;and\;Rb_2$) significantly inhibited TNF-${\alpha}$ production in a dose-dependent manner. However, protoppanaxatriol ginsenosides (Re and $Rg_1$) showed little inhibitory activity. The molar concentrations of $Rb_1\;and\;Rb_2$ producing 50% inhibition ($IC_{50}$) of TNF-${\alpha}$ production were $55.8{\mu}g/ml\;(48.0{\mu}M)\;and\;31.8{\mu}g/ml (27.9{\mu}M)$, respectively. As a positive control, prednisolone also exhibited inhibitory activity with an $IC_{50}$ value of $21.7{\mu}M$. In T cell proliferation, $Rg_1$, was not effective but $Rb_1$ and Re or $Rb_2$ significantly increased or inhibited at high concentration, 75 and $100{\mu}g/ml$. In contrast, prednisolone showed potent inhibitory activity with an $IC_{50}$ value of 6.1nM. These results suggest that ginsenosides may take part in the mitogen-induced signaling pathway for TNF-${\alpha}$ production and T cell proliferation from macrophages and splenocytes.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.19 no.3 s.31
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• pp.1-12
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• 2006

Objective : Angiogenesis is an essential process for metastasis of solid tumors and Psoriasis. Lots of Researches for anti-angiogenic effect to angiogenic factors have been carried out in the world. So this experiment was carried out for whether Lacca Sinica Exsiccata(LSE) extracts have an anti-angiogenic effect for angiogenic factors. Methods: To investigate the roles of the LSE extracts, we performed MIS assay, western blots using HaCaT cells and HepG2 cells. And then, HaCaT cells were treated with 10, 50, 100, 250, $500{\mu}g/ml$ LSE extracts. After 4hrs, HaCaT cells were theated with IGF-II protein for 1hr. HepG2 cells were treated with 1, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200 ${\mu}g/ml$ LSE extracts. After 4hrs, HepG2 cells were theated with $CoCl_2$ for 24hrs Results: 1. In $50{\mu}g/ml$ and $100{\mu}g/ml$ density we confirmed the inhibition effect of LSE extracts to $HIF-1{\alpha}$ activation which was induced by IGF-II in HaCaT cells. 2. In $50{\mu}g/ml$ density we confirmed the inhibition effect of LSE extracts to $HIF-1{\alpha}$ activation which was induced by $CoCl_2$ in HepG2 cells. 3. In $25{\mu}g/ml$ density we confirmed the inhibition effect of LSE extracts to VEGF activation which was induced by $CoCl_2$ in HepG2 cells. Conclusion: The above-mentioned results proved that LSE extracts reduced $HIF-1{\alpha}$ protein level in the HaCaT cells and HepG2 cells. These results suggest that inhibition of HaCaT cell and HepG2 cell proliferation by LSE extracts contributes to the anti-angiogenic activities on the keratinocytes and hepatocellular carcinoma.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.333-339
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• 1991

Eighty-two ewes of Balochi breed, two to four years of age were used in a completely randomized design to study the effect of winter supplementation on their performance in Kalat area of Balochistan and randomly divided into two groups of 40 and 42 animals. Two treatments (T1 and T2) studied were : 250 gm/animal/day of a 50 : 50 mixture of cottonseed cake and barley grain fed from Oct. 20 to Dec. 18, 1988 plus grazing and 500 gm/animal/day of the same feed mixture fed from Oct. 9 to Dec. 18, 1988 in addition to grazing. Lucerne hay and wheat straw in a 50 : 50 ratio were provided to all the ewes for a period of one month from Jan. 6, 1989 @ 320 gm/animal/day to sustain them in severe winter. Same feeding levels to the same ewe groups were again fed from Mar. 1 to May 27, 1989. Three breeding rams stayed with the flock from Nov. 1 to Dec. 13, 1988. Lambing took place from Apr. 2 to May 12, 1989. Conception, lambing and mortality percentage was found different (P<.05) between T1 and T2 (12.5 vs 14.8 kg). The ewes on T2 maintained higher body weights throughout winter than the ewes on T1. The results are suggestive of improvement in conception rate with winter supplementation (flushing) and decrease in ewe mortality. Late-gestation and early-lactation supplemental feeding of ewes results in increases in weaning weights of their lambs.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.48-57
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• 2000

Polycaprolactone (PCL) and thermoplastic starch (TPS) blends were prepared. Mechanical properties, thermal property, water absorption, biodegradability by composting and surface morphology of PCL/TPS blends were investigated. The compositions of PCL/TPS blends were 90/10, 80/20, 70/30, 60/40, 50/50, 40/60, 30/70, 20/80, and 10/90. Strength and elongation at break decreased as the content of TPS increased, while modulus increased. DSC thermogram of TPS showed two glass transition temperatures (T$_{g}$ ) at 23$^{\circ}C$ and 126$^{\circ}C$. And TPS proved to be an amorphous polymer because there was no endothermic peak due to the melting of starch crystal. The unchanged melting temperatures and T$_{g}$ 's of PCL/TPS blends revealed that PCL and TPS were not miscible. All of the blends were found to be mechanically compatible but phase separated in each other. After 45 days composting, the biodegradability of PCL was 44% and that of PCL/TPS blends increased as the contents of TPS increased.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.159-164
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• 1998

The secondary hydroxy group at side chain of shikonin structure was selectively acylated with various haloacetic acids in presence of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and 4-dimethylamin opyridine to produce haloacetylshikonin derivatives. The cytotoxicity of monohaloacetylshikonin derivatives against L1210 cells increased in the following order; monochloroacetylshikonin ($ED_{50}$, 0.142${\mu}$g/ml) > monobromoacetylshikonin ($ED_{50}$. 0.158${\mu}$g/ml) > monoiodoacetylshikonin ($ED_{50}$, 0.173${\mu}$g/ml). Introduction of larger halogen atoms decreased the cytotoxic activity, presumably due to steric hinderance. The cytotoxicity of chloroacetylshikonin derivatives was dependent on the number of chlorine atom, thus increasing in the following order; trichloroacetylshikonin (0.032${\mu}$g/ml) > dichloroacetylshikonin (0.059${\mu}$g/ml) > monochloroacetylshikonin ($ED_{50}$, 0.142${\mu}$g/ml). Thus, the electron withdrawing effect seems to be important for the cytotoxicity of chloroacetylshikonin derivatives. Consistent with the above, dichloroacetylshikonin (T/C. 182%) and trifluoroacetylshikonin (195%) showed higher T/C values than monochloroacetyl-(T/C, 122%), monobromoacetyl-(T/C, 154%) and monoiodoacetylshikonin (T/C, 117%) derivatives. Haloacetylshikonin derivatives showing lower cytoxic activities against L1210 cells exhibited lower T/C values. It seems that there is a relationship between the cytoxicity of haloacetylshikonin and their antitumor activity.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.31 no.11
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• pp.993-997
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• 2022

This study was conducted to evaluate the structure and composition (i.e., pH, moisture, total-N, pathogens, and volatile fatty acids) of broiler and duck manure treated with larvae of three insect larvae, namely, Tenebrio molitor, Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis, and Ptecticus tenebrifer. Hatched Tenebrio molitor (n=300), Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis (n=60), and Ptecticus tenebrifer (n=300) were used in this study; specially, the larvae were divided into six treatments with three replicates. The treatments were as follows: T1: 110 g broiler manure + Tenebrio molitor larvae (n=50), T2: 110 g duck manure + Tenebrio molitor larvae (n=50), T3: 125 g broiler manure + Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis larvae (n=10), T4: 125 g duck manure + Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis larvae (n=10), T5: 105 g broiler manure + Ptecticus tenebrifer larvae (n=50), and T6: 105 g duck manure + Ptecticus tenebrifer larvae (n=50). For all the larval treatments, the following results were observed: The moisture content of the duck manure treat with three insect larvae was higher than that of the broiler manure (p<0.05), whereas broiler manure had a higher pH (p<0.05). In addition, the total nitrogen content of broiler manure was higher than that of duck manure (p<0.05). However, the insect larvae did not significantly affect pathogens (E.coli and Salmonella) and the volatile fatty acids (p>0.05). In conclusion, the use of the three insect larvae to create organic nitrogen compost using poultry manure is feasible.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.151-159
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• 2007

We studied the optimal ranges of water and soil characteristics for wetland plants, particularly Scirpus tabernaemontani (softstem bulrush) and Typha latifolia (broadleaf cattail), which are dominant species with potential for restoration of Korean wetlands. We observed vegetation in S. tabernaemontani and T. latifolia communities from the mid to late June, 2005, and measured characteristics of water environments such as water depth (WD), temperature (WT), conductivity (WC), and concentration of several ions $(NO_3{^-}-N,\;Ca^{2+},\;Na^+,\;Mg^{2+},\;and\;K^+)$, and characteristics of soil environments such as soil texture, organic matter (loss on ignition, LOI), conductivity, and pH. The S. tabernaemontani community was accompanied by Zizania latifolia (Manchurian wildrice), Persicaria thunbergii (Korean persicary), Actinostemma lobatum (lobed actinostemma), and Beckmannia syzigachne (American slough grass), while the T. latifolia community was accompanied by P. thunbergii, T. angustifolia (narrowleaf cattail), and Glycine soja (wild soybean). We defined the optimal range for distribution (ORD) as the range that each plant was crowded. The optimal range of water characteristics for the S. tabernaemontani community was a $WD\;10{\sim}50cm,\;WT\;24.0{\sim}32.0^{\circ}C,\;WC\;100{\sim}500{\mu}S/cm,\;{NO_3}{^-}-N\;0{\sim}60ppb,\;K^+\;0.00{\sim}1.50ppm,\;Ca^{2+}\;7.50{\sim}17.50ppm,\; Na^+\;2.50{\sim}12.50ppm,\;and\;Mg^{2+}\;3.00{\sim}7.00ppm$. In addition, the optimal range of soil characteristics for the S. tabernaemontani community was a soil texture of loam, silty loam, and loamy sand, $LOI\;8.0{\sim}16.0%,\;pH\;5.25{\sim}6.25$, and conductivity $10{\sim}70{\mu}S/cm$. The optimal range of water characteristics for the T. latifolia community was a $WD\;10{\sim}30cm,\;WT\;22.5{\sim}27.5^{\circ}C,\;WC\;100{\sim}400{\mu}S/cm,\;{NO_3}{^-}-N\;0{\sim}60ppb,\;K^+\;0.00{\sim}1.50ppm,\;Ca^{2+}\;0.00{\sim}17.50ppm,\;Na^+\;0.00{\sim}12.50ppm,\;and\;Mg^{2+}\;0.00{\sim}5.00ppm$, and the optimal range of soil characteristics for the T. fatifolia community was a soil texture of loam, sandy loam, and silty loam, LOI $3.0{\sim}9.0%,\;pH\;5.25{\sim}7.25$, and conductivity $0{\sim}70{\mu}S/cm$.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.3-12
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• 1994

Purporse : It is known that detection of calcification by MRI is difficulty in intracranial calcified lesions, but author tried to evaluate the signal intensity image of calcification by MR with experimental model. Subjects & Methods : Author analyzed and compared with values of calcium carbonate and hydroxyapatite phantoms by each concentration (10, 20, 30, 40, 50%) and size(1-10mm), measured ROI attenuating from CT and MRI(TlWI & T2WI). Results : The high concentration of calcium carbonate is, the lower the signal intensity of calcium carbonate phantom is both T1 & T2WI. For concentration of Hydroxyapatite of up to 30% by weight the signal intensity on standard T1 weighted images increased but subsequently decreased. Hyperintensity does not preclude calcification as a cause of the signal alteration-an observation that all radiologists interpreting MR images need to be aware of. Conclusion: The signal intensity of intracranial calcification is various on MR imaging in concerning with components, concentration, & size of calcification, and especially high signal intensity of intracranial calcification noted differencial diagnosis.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.1210-1215
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• 2006

The properties related to the temperature and oxygen stability of the cytoplasmic hydrogenases from the fermentative strict anaerobic bacterium, Clostridium butyricum NCIB 9576 (Cl. butyricum), and purple sulfur phototrophic bacterium, Thiocapsa roseopersicina NCIB 8347 (T. roseopersicina), were compared. The optimum temperatures for the growth of Cl. butyricum and T. roseopersicina were 37$^{\circ}C$ and 25$^{\circ}C$, respectively, whereas those for the H$_2$ evolution of the cytoplasmic hydrogenases prepared from Cl. butyricum (C-H$_2$ase) and T. roseopersicina (T-H$_2$ase) were 45$^{\circ}C$ and 65$^{\circ}C$, respectively. The T-H$_2$ase was more thermostable than the C-H$_2$ase and retained its full activity for 5 h at 50$^{\circ}C$ under anaerobic conditions and 90% of its activity at 60$^{\circ}C$, whereas the C-H$_2$ase lost its activity drastically at 50$^{\circ}C$. The optimum pHs for H$_2$ oxidation of the C-H$_2$ase and T-H$_2$ase were 9.0 and 7.5, respectively. Both enzymes showed a maximum H$_2$ evolution activity at pH 7.0. Under aerobic conditions, 80% of the T-H$_2$ase activity was retained for 10 h at 30$^{\circ}C$, and 50% of the activity remained after 6 days under the same experimental conditions. However, the C-H$_2$ase was labile to oxygen and lost its activity immediately on exposure to air. Therefore, these properties of the T-H$_2$ase are expected to be advantageous for application in in vitro biological H$_2$ production systems.