• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.51-62
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• 2019

Objectives: This study was designed to evaluate the macrophages polarization of traditional Korean medicine on cardiac pain about Geum-Gwe-Yo-Ryak's two prescriptions including Kwaruhaebaekbanha-tang (KHB) and Kwaruhaebaekpaekju-tang (KHP). Materials and methods: Flow cytometry analysis was used to measure the changes in the ratio of M1 type and M2 type macrophages. Protein expression of nuclear factor-like 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were measured by Western Blot, and ABCA1 and SR-B1 were detected by real time PCR (RT-PCR). Intracellular lipid accumulation was measured by Oil Red O staining (ORO staining). Results: KHB and KHP increase anti-oxidative activity related protein levels including Nrf2 and HO-1. Furthermore, KHB and KHP inhibit lipid accumulation on intracellular levels through induction of ATP binding receptor cassette subfamily A member 1 (ABCA1) and scavenging receptor class B member 1 (SR-B1), respectively. Finally, KHB and KHP also blocked pro-inflammatory mediators including tumor necrosis factor-alpha ($TNF{\alpha}$) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), iNOS and COX-2 expression. Conclusion: This study suggests that KHB and KHP potently regulate the M1/M2 macrophage polarization.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.51
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• pp.1.1-1.2
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• 2021

We demonstrate a fabrication of an atomically controlled single-crystal heart-shaped nanostructure using a convergent electron beam in a scanning transmission electron microscope. The delicately controlled e-beam enable epitaxial crystallization of perovskite oxide LaAlO₃ grown out of the relative conductive interface (i.e. 2 dimensional electron gas) between amorphous LaAlO₃/crystalline SrTiO₃.

• Atmosphere
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.33-48
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• 2006

A classification of snowfall type based on development mechanism is proposed using previous snowfall studies, operational experiences, etc. Five types are proposed: snowfall caused by 1) airmass transformation (AT type), 2) terrain effects in a situation of expanding Siberian High (TE type), 3) precipitation systems associated with extratropical cyclones (EC type), 4) indirect effects of extratropical cyclones passing over the sea to the south of the Korean peninsula (ECS type), and 5) combined effects of TE and ECS types (COM type). Snowfall events during 1981-2001 are classified according to the 5 types mentioned above. For this, 118 events, with at least one station with daily snowfall depth greater than 20 cm, are selected. For the classification, synoptic weather charts, satellite images, and precipitation data are used. For TE and COM types, local sea-level pressure chart is also used to confirm the presence of condition for TE type (this is done for events in 1990 and thereafter). The classification shows that 109 out of 118 events can be classified as one of the 5 types. In the remaining 8 events, heavy snowfall occurred only in Ullung Island. Its occurrence may be due to one or more of the following mechanism: airmass transformation, mesoscale cyclones and/or mesoscale convergence over the East Sea, etc. Each type shows different characteristics in location of snowfall and composition of precipitation (i.e., dry snow, rain, and mixed precipitation). The AT-type snowfall occurs mostly in the west coast, Jeju and Ullung Islands whereas the TE-type snowfall occurs in the East coast especially over the Young Dong area. The ECS-type snowfall occurs mostly over the southern part of the peninsula and some east cost area (sometimes, whole south Korea depending on the location of cyclones). The EC- and COM-type snowfalls occur in wider area, often whole south Korea. Precipitation composition also varies with the type. The AT-type has a snow ratio (SR) higher than the mean value. The TE- and EC-type have SR similar to the mean. The ECS- and COM-type have SR values smaller than the mean. Generally the SR values at high latitude and mountainous areas are higher than those at the other areas. The SR value informs the characteristics of the precipitation composition. An SR value larger than 10 means that all precipitation is composed of snow whereas a zero SR value means that all precipitation is composed of rain.

• 한국초전도학회:학술대회논문집
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• v.10
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• pp.65-65
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• 2000

Microwave response of intrinsic Josephson junctions in mesa structure formed on HgI2-intercalated Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x single crystals was studied in a wide range of microwave frequency. With irradiation of 73${\sim}$76 GHz microwave, the supercurrent branch becomes resistive above a certain onset microwave power. At low current bias, the current-voltage characteristics show linear behavior, while at high current bias, the resistive branch splits into multiple sub-branches. The voltage spacing between neighboring sub-branches increase with the microwave power and the total number of sub-branches is almost identical to the number of intrinsic Josephson junctions in the mesa. All the experimental results suggest that each sub-branch represents a specific mode of collective motion of Josephson vortices generated by the microwave irradiation. With irradiation of microwave of microwave of frequency lower than 20 GHz, on the other hand, no branch splitting was observed and the current-voltage characteristics exhibited complex behavior at hlgh blas currents. This result can be explained in terms of incoherent motion of Josephson vortices generated by non-uniform microwave irradiation.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.115-121
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• 1998

Adsorption characteristics of the radionuclides and stable elements on AMP and $MnO_2$ in the seawater have been investigated. The adsorption yield of AMP was 97.5% for $^{137}Cs$, 11.8% for $^{85}Sr$, and 15.1% for $^{131}I$, while being less than 6% for other radionuclides and elements. The AMP showed the highest adsorption yield for $^{137}Cs$. The adsorption yields of $MnO_2$ were more than 90% for all radionuclides and elements, except for $^{40}K$, $^{137}Cs$ and $^{203}Hg$ of which the adsorption yields were less than 8%.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.661-666
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• 1998

Active reaction sites and electrochemical O2 reduction kinetics on La_{1-x}Sr_xMnO_{3+{\delta}} (x=0.1-0.4)/YSZ (yttria-stabilized zirconia) electrodes are investigated in the temperature range of 700-900 ℃ at $Po_2=10^{-3}$-0.21 atm. Results of the steady-state polarization measurements, which are formulated into the Butler-Volmer formalism to extract transfer coefficient values, lead us to conclude that the two-electron charge transfer step to atomically adsorbed oxygen is rate-limiting. The same conclusion is drawn from the $Po_2$-dependent ac impedance measurements, where the exponent m in the relationship of $I_o$ (exchange current density) ∝ $P_{o_{2}}^m$ is analyzed. Chemical analysis is performed on the quenched Mn perovskites to estimate their oxygen stoichiometry factors (δ) at the operating temperature (700-900 ℃). Here, the observed δ turns out to become smaller as both the Sr-doping contents (x) and the measured temperature increase. A comparison between the 8 values and cathodic activity of Mn perovskites reveals that the cathodic transfer coefficients $({\alpha}_c)$ for oxygen reduction reaction are inversely proportional to δ whereas the anodic ones $({\alpha}_a)$ show the opposite trend, reflecting that the surface oxygen vacancies on Mn perovskites actively participate in the $O_2$ reduction reaction. Among the samples of x= 0.1-0.4, the manganite with x=0.4 exhibits the smallest 8 value (even negative), and consistently this electrode shows the highest ${\alpha}_c$ and the best cathodic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.95-101
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• 2005

In the heart, $Na^{+}-Ca^{2+}$ exchange (NCX) is the major $Ca^{2+}$ extrusion mechanism. NCX has been considered as a relaxation mechanism, as it reduces global $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ raised during activation. However, if NCX locates in the close proximity to the ryanodine receptor, then NCX would curtail $Ca^{2+}$ before its diffusion to global $Ca^{2+}_i$ This will result in a global $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ decrease especially during its ascending phase rather than descending phase. Therefore, NCX would decrease the myocardial contractility rather than inducing relaxation in the heart. This possibility was examined in this study by comparing NCX-induced extrusion of $Ca^{2+}$ after its release from SR in the presence and absence of global $Ca^{2+}_i$ transient in the isolated single rat ventricular myocytes by using patch-clamp technique in a whole-cell configuration. Global $Ca^{2+}_i$ transient was controlled by an internal dialysis with different concentrations of BAPTA added in the pipette. During stimulation with a ramp pulse from +100 mV to -100 mV for 200 ms, global $Ca^{2+}_i$ transient was suppressed only mildly, and completely at 1 mmol/L, and 10 mmol/L BAPTA, respectively. In these situations, ryanodine-sensitive inward NCX current was compared using $100{\mu}mol/L$ ryanodine, $Na^+$ depletion, 5 mmol/L $NaCl_2$ and $1{\mu}mol/L$ nifedipine. Surprisingly, the result showed that the ryanodine-sensitive inward NCX current was well preserved after 10 mmol/L BAPTA to 91 % of that obtained after 1 mmol/L BAPTA. From this result, it is concluded that most of the NCX-induced $Ca^{2+}$ extrusion occurs before the $Ca^{2+}$ diffuses to global $Ca^{2+})i$ in the rat ventricular myocyte.

• Atmosphere
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.483-494
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• 2010

The vertical profiles of the extinction coefficient, the backscatter coefficient, and the lidar ratio (i.e., extinction-to-backscattering ratio) for Asian dust and pollution aerosols are determined from Raman (inelastic) and elastic backscatter signals. The values of lidar ratios during two polluted days is found between 52 and 82 sr (July 22, 2009) and 40~60 sr (July 31, 2009) at 52 nm, with relatively low value of particle depolarization ratio (<5%) and high value of sun photometer-derived Angstrom exponent (> 1.2). However, lidar ratios between 25 and 40 sr are found during two Asian dust periods (October 20, 2009 and March 15, 2010), with 10~20% of particle depolarization ratio and the relatively low value of sun photometer-derived Angstrom exponent (< 0.39). The lidar ratio, particle depolarization ratio and color ratio are useful optical parameter to distinguish non-spherical coarse dust and spherical fine pollution aerosols. The comparison of aerosol extinction profiles determined from inelastic-backscatter signals by the Raman method and from elastic-backscatter signals by using the Fernald method with constant value of lidar ratio (50 sr) have shown that reliable aerosol extinction coefficients cannot be determined from elastic-backscatter signals alone, because the lidar ratio varies with aerosol types. A combined Raman and elastic backscatter lidar system can provide reliable information about the aerosol extinction profile and the aerosol lidar ratio.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Applied Superconductivity and Cryogenics Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.30-34
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• 2003

For an inhomogeneous superconductor, we reveal a relation of an observed superconducting gap, $\Delta$$_{obs}$ and the intrinsic true gap, $\Delta$$_{i}$, $\Delta$$_{obs}$(equation omitted) where band filling, 0＜$\rho$<$\leq$1. $\Delta$$_{obs}$ is the effect of measurement when 0＜$\rho$＜1. The true gap is observed only when $\rho$=1. Parring symmetry analyzed by a coherence-peak shape of density of states, observed in B $i_2$S $r_2$CaC $u_2$ $O_{8}$＋$\chi$ superconductors, is s- wave.X> $O_{8}$＋$\chi$ superconductors, is s- wave. wave.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2001.07a
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• pp.263-266
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• 2001

In this paper, we investigated dielectric properies for BST thin films that was deposited on MgO/Si substrates using RF magnetron sputtering. In here, MgO film was used to perform that a diffusion b arrier between the BST film and Si substrate and a buffer layer to assist the BST film growth. A d eposition condition for MgO films was RF Power of 50W, substrate temperature of room temperature and the working gas ratio of Ar:O$_2$ were varied from 90:10 to 60:47. Finally we manufactured the cap acitor of Al/BST/MgO/Si/Al structure to know electrical properties of this capacitor through I-V, C-V measurement. In the results, C-V aha racteristic curves was shown a ferroelectric property so we measured P-E. A remanent poliazation and coerceive electric field was present 2$\mu$C/cm$^2$ and -27kV/cm respectively at Ar:O$_2$=90:10. And a va clue of dielectric constant was 86 at Ar:02=90:10.