• 박물관보존과학
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• 제15권
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• pp.78-95
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• 2014

국립중앙박물관 소장 고려시대 칠기 6점을 대상으로 엑스선 ^X-ray 촬영과 현미경 조사, SEM-EDS 분석 등 과학적인 조사를 실시하여 고려시대 칠기의 재질 및 제작기법의 특징을 연구하였다. 조사 결과 칠제합 ^{덕수 4123}을 제외한 나머지 고려시대의 칠기 유물은 목심 ^木心 표면에 직물 ^織物을 입혀 옻칠을 한 목심저피칠기 ^{木芯紵皮漆器} 양식으로 만들어졌음이 밝혀졌다. 화형합과 송엽형합의 목심은 뚜껑의 천판 ^天板 이나 몸체 바닥판의 외각에 두께가 얇은 띠 모양의 목재를 돌려 감아 기벽을 만들었다. 또한 꽃모양 칠제배 ^{덕수 4124}는 권태 ^捲胎 양식 ^樣式과 유사하게 띠 모양의 목재를 나선형으로 감아올려 기벽을 형성한 후 바닥을 판재로 막고 굽을 달아 칠기 잔의 형태를 만든 것으로 나타났다. 현미경을 이용한 광학적 조사에서는 목재나 직물심 위에 골분 ^骨粉을 혼합한 골회 ^骨灰 옻칠을 먼저 하고, 그 위에 다시 옻칠을 중첩하여 바르는 칠기법이 공통적으로 확인되었다. SEM-EDS 및 μ-XRF ^{미소부 형광X-ray} 분석 결과 꽃모양 칠제배 ^{덕수 4124} 표면에는 진사 ^{辰砂: HgS}를 섞은 주칠 ^朱漆이 사용된 것으로 나타났다. 또한 뚜껑에 반점 무늬가 있는 송엽형 칠제합 ^{덕수 4190}은 석황 ^{石黃: As₂S₃}을 섞은 황색 칠을 도장하고 그 위에 연매 ^煙煤를 혼합한 흑색칠로 불규칙한 반점을 찍어 독특한 무늬를 표현한 것으로 조사되었는데 이 칠제합의 측면에 발라진 주칠에는 진사와 연단 ^{鉛丹: Pb₃O₄}을 혼합한 옻칠이 사용된 것으로 나타났다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.105-116
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• 1992

The present study was examined to clarify the role of calcium ion as a factor for the maturation of mouse oocytes. Follicles and cumulus-enclosed oocytes were isolated with two sharp needles under a stereomicroscope from female mouse (ICR) ovaries which were treated PMSG 5 IU 45-46 hours previously. Isolated follicles and cumulus-enclosed oocytes were cultured for 14-16 hours in an organ culture system at $37^{\circ}C$, 5% $CO_2$ in air and 100% humudified in incubator. MHBS was the basic medium used from which A23187, verapamil, $NiCl_{2.}$ $6H_2O$ and $LaCl_{3.}$ $7H_2O$ were added depending on the experimental groups. In follicle- or cumulus-enclosed oocytes wre cultured in these differently treated media. Following results were obtained from the present study. 1. The calcium ionophore A23187 directly or indirectly seems to stimulate GVBD of follicle-enclosed mouse oocytes. Increasing concentration of ionophore A23187 1ed to an increase in oocytes degeneration from the cumulus-enclosed mouse oocytes. 2. The organic $Ca^{++}$ channel blocker, verapamil does not induce GVBD of follicle-enclosed mouse oocytes. Specially, higher dose of 1 mM verapamil induced GVBD of follicle-enclosed mouse oocytes. However, cytoplasm of GVBD oocytes in 1 mM verapamil treated groups appeared shrunk. In the cumulus-enclosed oocytes, polar body formation was reduced in verapamil treated groups and degeneration increased. Verapamil inhibit oocyte maturation (polar body formation). 3. The $Ca^{++}$ inhibitor, Nickel ($NiCl_{2.}$ $6H_2O$) inhibits maturation of the follicle-enclosed oocytes. In the cumulus-enclosed oocytes the progression to MII (PB formation) was reduced and degeneration of mouse oocytes increased as the concentration of $Ni^{++}$ increase. The results indicates that nickel act as an inhibitor of calcium. 4. The $Ca^{++}$ inhibitors, Lanthanum ($LaCl_{3.}$ $7H_2O$) has shown different effect from that of nickel. In follicle-enclosed oocytes, 0.01mM lanthanum induced maturation of mouse oocytes. Polar body formation was reduced in the cumulus-enclosed oocytes all lanthanum treated group.

• 지질공학
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.173-200
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• 1992

대구시 중심부의 지하수는 신천과 범어천 등의 하천수를 주 공급원으로 하기 때문에 그 수질은 이들 하천수의 영향을 많이 받고 있다. 그리고 하천의 수질은 하천이 발원한 지역의 암류와 밀접한 관계를 가지므로 안산암가 몬조니암을 상류에 두고 있는 신천과 범어천의 수질은 이들 화성암류의 영향을 받게 된다. 마찬가지로 반야월층이나 함안층에서 발원하는 하천의 수질은 이들 퇴적암류의영향을 받고 있다. 본 역 상류천이 pH는 하천이 발원하는 암류에 따라 차이를 보이는데 화성암류(안산암, 몬조니암)지역은 약산성 - 중성이고 퇴적암류지역은 약알카리성을 띤다. Ca와 Mg 함량은 퇴적암류지역 하천이 화성암류지역 하천보다 현저히 높으나, Na 함량은 퇴적암류지역 하천이 화성암류지역 하천보다 약간 높은 경향을 보이며, K 함량은 암산암지역보다 반야월층이 오히려 약간 낮은 경향을 띈다. 중금속원소의 함량도 역시 주택지대와 공장지대가 있는 퇴적암지역 하천이 비오염 화성암류지역 하천보다. 높은 경향을 띤다. $NO_3-N$ 함량도 퇴적암류지역 하천이 화성암류지역 하천보다 높다. 지하수의 수질은 암층의 여과작용에 의하여 오염하천수에 비하면 금속이온의 함량이 현저히 낮으나 화성암지대의 오염되지않은 상류천 수질에 비하면 많이 오염되어 있다. 그리고 오염의 정도도 주택지대가 있는 반야월층지역보다 공장지대가 있는 함안층지역에서 심하다. pH는 반야월층과 함안층지역이 비슷하나 주원소의 함량은 함안층지역이 반야월층지역 보다 대체로 높은 경향을 보인다. 중금속원소의 함량은 양 지층의 지역간에 근소한 차이를 보이나, 오염이 심한 공단천과 달서천 부근의 지하수는 함안층 지하수는 Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn, Fe의 함량이 높다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.266-272
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• 2011

The safety of liquid-type herbal preparations (47 samples) and beverages containing herbal medicines (18 samples), which are distributed in Gyeonggi province was studied by analyzing heavy metals, benzo(a)pyrene, preservatives and sugar content and to explain the differences between medicine and food based on the labeling standards. The herbal preparation is regarded as medicine and can be differentiated from the beverages containing herbal medicine, which is food, based on the fact that the herbal preparation should be labeled with usage, dosage, efficiency and effect. The mean concentrations of Pb, As, Cd, Hg were found to be 0.014 mg/kg, 0.113 mg/kg, 0.004 mg/kg and 0.003 mg/kg in herbal preparation and 0.009 mg/kg, 0.122 mg/kg, 0.003 mg/kg and 0.002 mg/kg in beverages containing herbal medicines, respectively. In 10 cases of herbal preparations and 6 cases of beverages containing Rehmanniae Radix Preparata (Sukjihwang), benzo(a)pyrene was not found. According to preservative test on herbal medicine, dehydroacetic acid was found less than the indicated content in 6 cases out of 37 cases, which labeled with preservatives, and benzoic acid, dehydroacetic acid and methylparaben were contained with 164.0~198.0 mg/kg, 149.8~272.5 mg/kg and 88.4 mg/kg, respectively, in 3 cases out of 10 cases, which was not labeled with preservatives. Among 16 cases of beverages containing herbal medicines, 3 cases of preservative-labeled beverages had the preservatives, and the rest of all, which was not labeled with preservatives, did not show that they contain any preservative, therefore, it was suitable for the labeling standards. As a result of sugar content test, preservative-labeled products were not appreciably different from the others.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2004년도 총회 및 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.100-101
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• 2004

Many researches in Korea have been performed to understand the pollution of stream waters by acid mine drainage. However, few studies have been conducted regarding the effect of particulate and colloidal fractions on the transport of trace metals. To estimate harmful effects of trace metals, it is important to evaluate the particulate and colloidal metals as well as dissolved metals, because particulate and colloidal fractions of trace metals play an important role in transport of trace metals and may adversely affect habitats and organisms in riverine system. Colloids are solids with effective diameters in size range from 0.001 $\mu$m to 1 $\mu$m. According to Jone et al. (1974), metals in surface water, like Al, Fe, and Mn, require filtration with pore-size membranes smaller than 0.45 $\mu$m to define dissolved concentrations. The main objective of this study is to understand the effects of particulate, colloidal, and truly dissolved fractions on the transport and fate of trace metals in acid mine drainage. This study was conducted for the Onjeong creek in the Uljin mine area. Sampling was carried out in 13 sites, spatially covering the area from mine dumps to the downstream Onjeong reservoir. To examine the metal partitioning between particulate, colloidal, and truly dissolved fraction, we used successive filtration techniques consisting of conventional method (using 0.45 $\mu$m membranes) and tangential-flow ultrafiltration (using 0.001 $\mu$mm membranes). Ultrafiltration may seperate much smaller particles from aqueous phase (Josephson, 1984; Hernandez and Stallard, 1988). The analysis of metals were performed by inductively coupled plasma - atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES: model Perkin Elmer OPTIMA3000XL). Anions such as SO$_4$, Cl and NO$_3$ were measured with ion chromatograph (IC: model Dionex 120). Sample analysis is still in progress. The preliminary data show that the studied creek is severely polluted by Al, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn. Toward upstream sites with relatively lower pH, less than 50% of Al and Fe occur in the sorbed form on particles or colloids, whereas more than 80% of Al and Fe occur in the sorbed form in downstream sites or tributaries with relatively higher pH. Less than 30% of Zn is present in particle or colloidal forms in the whole range of creek. Truly dissolved fraction of trace metals is negatively correlated with pH. The Kd values for Al, Fe and Zn consistently increase with increasing pH and decrease with increasing particle concentration.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.644-649
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• 2010

우리나라 퇴비생산시설에서 생산되는 퇴비 약 1,900점을 분석한 자료를 바탕으로 퇴비 원료의 종류에 따라 유통제품의 성분에 어떤 영향이 있는지를 비교 평가하였다. 유기물함량은 돈분퇴비 40.78%, 혼합퇴비 39.97%, 우분퇴비 39.68%, 계분퇴비 39.11%로 원료의 종류에 따른 차이가 거의 없었다. 이는 수분조절제로 사용되는 톱밥의 혼합이 원인으로 판단된다. 유기물대질소비의 경우에는 돈분퇴비가 31.22로 가장 높게 분석되었고 우분퇴비는 27.60, 혼합퇴비는 27.4로 거의 유사한 수준을 보였으며, 계분퇴비는 25.13으로 가장 낮은 결과를 보였다. 이 같은 결과는 부재료인 톱밥의 혼합량과 원료자체에 함유된 질소의 함량 차이에 기인한 것으로 판단된다. 염분의 경우 우분퇴비가 0.61%로 가장 높고 계분퇴비가 0.52%, 혼합퇴비가 0.51로 비슷한 수준이었고, 돈분의 경우는 0.45%로서 가장 적었다. 중금속의 경우 비소, 카드뮴, 수은, 납, 크롬, 니켈의 함량은 통계처리시 유의성 있는 차이가 발견되지 않았다. 구리함량은 돈분퇴비 117.00 mg $kg^{-1}$, 혼합퇴비 77.74 mg $kg^{-1}$, 계분퇴비 57.39 mg $kg^{-1}$, 우분퇴비 55.35 mg $kg^{-1}$으로서 돈분에 가장 많은 양이 함유된것으로 분석되었다. 아연은 돈분퇴비 346.34 mg $kg^{-1}$, 혼합퇴비 234.43 mg$kg^{-1}$, 계분퇴비 217.44 mg $kg^{-1}$, 우분퇴비 209.91 mg $kg^{-1}$으로서 비교적 구리의 함량 분포와 같은 경향을 보였다. 우리나라에서 유통되는 퇴비 품질현황에 대한 연구 자료의 축적은 퇴비의 품질관리 방향을 설정하는데 중요한 자료가 될 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.89-99
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• 1991

The metal concentrations in lungs from 12 coal workers' pneumoconiosis(CWP) patients and 6 controls, who were not exposed occupationally to coal mine dust and metals during their life time, were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. 1. Copper, lead, nickel, magnesium, manganese, zinc and iron concentrations in lungs of CWP patients were $1.10{\pm}0.088$, $1.12{\pm}0.068$, $0.22{\pm}0.020$, $113.7{\pm}1.31$, $0.19{\pm}0.012$, $10.2{\pm}1.54$, $426.7{\pm}2.63{\mu}g/g$ wet weight. 2. Copper, lead, nickel, magnesium, manganese, zinc and iron concentrations in lungs of controls were $1.10{\pm}0.013$, $0.85{\pm}0.007$, $0.10{\pm}0.008$, $87.6{\pm}1.29$, $0.18{\pm}0.005$, $10.6{\pm}1.44$, $164.9{\pm}3.29{\mu}g/g$ wet weight. 3. The ratios of concentrations for copper, lead, nickel, magnesium, manganese, zinc, and iron in lungs for CWP patients and controls were 1 : 1, 1.32 : 1, 2.20 : 1, 1.30 : 1, 1.06 : 1, 0.92 : 1, 2.58 : 1, respectively. There were significant differences in concentrations of lead, nickel, magnesium, iron by group(p<0.05). 4. There was no significant difference in metal concentrations of right upper lobe, right lower lobe, left upper lobe and left lower lobe for both CWP patients and controls (p>0.05, p>0.05). 5. In CWP patients lead was well correlated with nickel showing a rank correlation coefficient of 0.533, and zinc was correlated with copper showing a rank correlation coefficient of 0.476. 6. The concentrations of copper, nickel, maganese, and zinc in Korean CWP patients were lower than those in foreign CWP patients.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.91-100
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• 2000

It has been more than ten years since Dukun mine was abandoned. Tailings of waste deposits and slime dumps in the abandoned Dukum mine have been left to be deserted for fifty years. The results of fifty years of neglecting are nothing short of major environmental problems. Slime dumps have been exposed to air and water in the mine over ten years and then soil profile has been formed well. Soil in the upper layer (A horizon) is the light gray color due to the leaching of cations. Soil in the lower layer (A2 horizon, 0.2∼0.3m)is tinted with reddish brown and yellowish brown color due to the development of iron oxides and iron hydroxides. Soil in the lower part of B horizon of (1.0∼3.0m) with the growth of copper and zinc oxides exposes to the bluish green, light blue, and dark gray. Ranging from 3m to 8m in depth, 85 samples were taken from 22 sampling sites with 50m intervals located on the slime dump area with hand auger and trench (open cut). As tailings was distributed, heavy metal elements extracted by the process of surface water and ground water move and disperse in to the hydrosphere. Waste dumps were distributed in and around the mine and water draining from those dumps be a potential source of contamination. Soils, thus, can be dispersed into downslope and downstream through wind and water by clastic movement. These materials may be deposited in another horizon if the water is withdrawn, or if the materials are precipitated as a result of differences in pH, or other conditions in deeper horizons. These were primarily associated with acid mine drainage. The characteristics and rate of release of acid mine drainage are influenced by various chemical and biological reactions at the source of acid generations. Prolonged extration of heavy metal elements has a detrimental effect on the agricultural land and residental area. Twenty soil samples were collected from the agricultural land in the area (0∼30 cm). Seventeen samples were also taken from the sediment in the stream running alongside the dumps. The dispersion patterns of heavy metal elements are as follows: The content of As ranged 2∼6 ppm in a horizon, 20∼125 ppm in B horizon with large amount of clay mineral is concentrated and the content of Cd ranged 1∼2 ppm in A horizon, 4∼22 ppm in B horizon. Like Cd, the content of As, Cu, Zn, Pb in B horizon is higher than that in A horizon (approximately 5∼100 times). When soil formation proceeds in stages, it is necessary to investicate the B horizon with the concentration of heavy metal and preventive measures will have to established.

• 한국분말야금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국분말야금학회 2001년도 추계학술강연 및 발표대회
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• pp.7-7
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• 2001

The increasing interest in light weight materials coupled to the need for cost -effective processing have combined to create a significant opportunity for aluminum P/M. particularly in the automotive industry in order to reduce fuel emissions and improve fuel economy at affordable prices. Additional potential markets for Al PIM parts include hand tools. Where moving parts against gravity represents a challenge; and office machinery, where reciprocating forces are important. Aluminum PIM adds light weight, high compressibility. low sintering temperatures. easy machinability and good corrosion resistance to all advantages of conventional iron bm;ed P/rv1. Current commercial alloys are pre-mixed of either the AI-Si-Mg or AL-Cu-Mg-Si type and contain 1.5% ethylene bis-stearamide as an internal lubricant. The powder is compacted in closed dies at pressure of 200-500Mpa and sintered in nitrogen at temperatures between $580~630^{\circ}C$ in continuous muffle furnace. For some applications no further processing is required. although most applications require one or more secondary operations such as sizing and finishing. These sccondary operations improve the dimension. properties or appearance of the finished part. Aluminum is often considered difficult to sinter because of the presence of a stable surface oxide film. Removal of the oxide in iron and copper based is usually achieved through the use of reducing atmospheres. such as hydrogen or dissociated ammonia. In aluminum. this occurs in the solid st,lte through the partial reduction of the aluminum by magncsium to form spinel. This exposcs the underlying metal and facilitates sintering. It has recently been shown that < 0.2% Mg is all that is required. It is noteworthy that most aluminum pre-mixes contain at least 0.5% Mg. The sintering of aluminum alloys can be further enhanced by selective microalloying. Just 100ppm pf tin chnnges the liquid phase sintering kinetics of the 2xxx alloys to produce a tensile strength of 375Mpa. an increilse of nearly 20% over the unmodified alloy. The ductility is unnffected. A similar but different effect occurs by the addition of 100 ppm of Pb to 7xxx alloys. The lend changes the wetting characteristics of the sintering liquid which serves to increase the tensile strength to 440 Mpa. a 40% increase over unmodified aIloys. Current research is predominantly aimed at the development of metal matrix composites. which have a high specific modulus. good wear resistance and a tailorable coefficient of thermal expnnsion. By controlling particle clustering and by engineering the ceramic/matrix interface in order to enhance sintering. very attractive properties can be achicved in the ns-sintered state. I\t an ils-sintered density ilpproaching 99%. these new experimental alloys hnve a modulus of 130 Gpa and an ultimate tensile strength of 212 Mpa in the T4 temper. In contest. unreinforcecl aluminum has a modulus of just 70 Gpa.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.78-87
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• 1985

제지(製紙)슬러지가 논 토양(土壤)의 화학성(化學性)과 수도생육(水稻生育)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 검토(檢討)하기 위하여 슬러지의 시용량(施用量)을 300, 600, 900 및 1,200㎏/10a 으로 달리하고 각(各) 시용수준별(施用水準別)로 C/N 율(率)을 30 : 1 로 조절(調節)하여 pot 시험(試驗)을 실시(實施)함으로써 토양중(土壤中) 질소(窒素)의 형태변화(形態變化), 유기태질소(有機態窒素)의 무기성분(無機成分) 및 중금속함량변화(重金屬含量變化)를 경시적(經時的)으로 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1) 토양중(土壤中) amino sugar 및 amino acid 태질소(態窒素), 유기물(有機物) CEC 및 유효규산(有效珪酸)의 함량(含量)은 슬러지구(區)가 3요소구(要素區)에 비(比)하여 증가(增加)하였다. 2) 항온(恒溫) 6주후(週後) 유기태질소(有機態窒素)의 무기화율(無機化率)은 3요소구(要素區)가 12.2%, 슬러지 300㎏/10a 구(區) 12.6%, 슬러지 300㎏/10a의 C/N 율조절구(率調節區) 15.1%, 슬러지 600㎏/10a 구(區) 9.7%, 슬러지 600㎏/10a의 C/N 율조절구(率調節區)는 15.2%로 나타났다. 3) 토양중(土壤中) 동(銅) 및 납의 함량(含量)은 각각(各各) $0{\sim}0.2100$ 및 $0{\sim}0.0013$ ppm 범위(範圍)였으며 크롬 및 카드뮴은 검출(檢出)되지 않았고 토양중(土壤中) 이들 중금속함량(重金屬含量)은 처리간(處理間)에 차이(差異)가 없었다.