• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.303-311
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• 2000

Purpose: Thallium behaves similarly to potassium in vivo. Potassium channel opener (K-opener) opens ATP-sensitive $K^+$-channel located at cell membrane, resulting in potassium efflux from cytosol. We have previously reported that K-opener can alter biokinetics of Tl-201 in cultured cells and in vivo. Malignant tumor cells have high Na-K ATPase activity due to increased metabolic activities and dedifferentiation, and differential delineation of malignant tumor can be possible with Tl-201 imaging. K-opener may affect tumoral uptake of Tl-201 in vivo. To investigate the effects of pinacidil (one of the potent K-openers) on the localization of the tumor with Tl-201 chloride, we evaluated the changes in biodistribution of Tl-201 with pinacidil treatment in tumor-bearing mice. Materials and Methods: Baltic mice received subcutaneous implantation of murine breast cancer cells in the thigh and were used for biodistribution study 3 weeks later. $100{\mu}g$ of pinacidil dissolved in $200{\mu}l$ DMSO/PBS solution was injected intravenously via tail vein at 10 min after 185 KBq ($5{\mu}Ci$) Tl-201 injection. Percentage organ uptake and whole body retention ratio of Tl-201 were measured at various periods after injection, and values were compared between control and pinacidil-treated mice. Results: Pinacidil treatment resulted in mild decrease in blood levels of Tl-201, but renal uptakes were markedly decreased at 30-min, 1- and 2-hour, compared to control group. Hepatic, intestinal and muscular uptake were not different. Absolute percentage uptake and tumor to blood ratios of Tl-201 were lower in pinacidil treated mice than in the control group at all time points measured. Whole body retention ratio of Tl-201 was lower in pinacidil treated mice ($58{\pm}4%$ ), than in the control group ($67{\pm}3%$) at 24 hours after with injection of $100{\mu}g$ pinacidil. Conclusion: K-opener did not enhance, but rather decreased absolute tumoral uptake and tumor-to-blood ratios of Tl-201. Decreased whole body retention ratio and renal uptake were observed with pinacidil treatment in tumor-bearing mice.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.457-468
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of mixed-sowing of legume forage and applying of cattle manure on the productivity of rye in order to produce the organic roughage to be effectively reducing the environmental contamination and to provide Hanwoo rearing farmer with safe organic animal products. The present study also aimed to evaluate optimal applying level of cattle manure and carrying capacity of Korean native cattle (Hanwoo) per unit area. The annual amount of crude protein (CP) of rye in Gyeongju were higher than those of in Gyeongsan and Yeongju, and the mixed-sowing of forage pea was the highest (p<0.05) compared with the single-sowing. The amount of CP were increased proportionately corresponded to the applying level of fermented cattle manure, and found significantly (p<0.05) high at the level of 100 and 150 kg/ha groups. With feed value of forage, CP was tended to be higher in the mixed-sowing of legume than the single-sowing of rye at the wintering experimental sites of legume, and in particular the forage peas was higher (p<0.05) than other crops. Carrying capacity of organic Hanwoo (head/ha) was higher (p<0.05) in Gyeongju (3.28 head) than that in Gyeongsan (1.94) and Yeongju (1.50). The carrying capacity in the single-sowing of rye also was lower than that in the mixed-sowing of legume, and the forage peas was the highest among the mixed-sowing groups (p<0.05). Overall, the present results showed that it would be recommended to take into account the wintering for mix-sowing of legume. The fermented cattle manure may be applied for legume in the wintering unavailable regions. In addition, the applying the fermented cattle manure at the level of 100~150kg/ha and the mix-sowing of legume with forage peas may increase the productivity per unit area and feed value including CP for improving carrying capacity of organic Hanwoo.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.129-136
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• 1990

In the present report, two experiments were carried out with the purposes of knowing the differences of response among forage species to growing period and potassium level in culture solution, and investigating possible relation of the responses with occurence of grass tetany on grazing pasture. The results were as follows; (1) At 25 days after germination, fresh weight of top part as well as the sum of top and root parts of the forages increased rapidly. (2) Italian ryegrass was the highest in potassium (K) content but the lowest in magnesiurn(Mg) content among the three gramineous forages, while tall fescue showed the opposite result to it. And orchardgrass was intermediate of the two forage species (Experiment 1). (3) The K contents of forages generally increased, while Mg content became lower with the increase of K level in culture solution. The highest K contents of Italian ryegrass and orchardgrass were more than 3 times of the lowest values. The K contents of alfalfa and tall fescue increased in the narrower range. The decreases of Mg content of Italian ryegrass and orchardgrass were significant in the ranges of 5ppm to 25 or 50ppm KzO, while the content of the leguminous forages and tall fescue decreased up to 1000 level. (4) Fresh yield, water content and K content of the forages were significantly increased with the increase of K20 application levels up to 25 or 50ppm. (5) The K concentration of forage on a tissue water basis was higher at 50ppm than that at 5ppm $K_20$ level, especially for Italian ryegrass and orchardgrass with the value of 2.6times and 2.5times, respectively. However, the K concentration (tissue water) of leguminous forages increased gradually up to the level of lOOOppm (Experiment 2). It is suggested from the results that rapid changes of water content, Mg content and K concentration (tissue water) may occur to forage on a grazing pasture, when both growing period and K level in the soil affect the changes simultaneously. Under such conditions, plant water especially in Italian reyegrass and orchardgrass can function as toxic material to grazing ruminants.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.150-158
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• 2016

This study was conducted to evaluate growth characteristics, yield and feed value of newly developed domestic teosinte (Geukdong 6) compared to widely cultivated silage corn hybrid (31N27) and sorghum ${\times}$ sudangrass hybrid (P877F). Geukdong 6, a new single cross (Teosinte ${\times}$ Suwon 19) variety, is a teosinte (Zea may L. ssp. maxicana) developed by the Geukdong 6 of agricultural company corporation (GACC) in An-dong province. This field experiment was designed in a randomized block design with three replications and consisted of silage corn (T1), sorghum x sudangrass hybrid (T2) and Geukdong 6 (T3). Leaf length, number of leaves, number of tillers and fresh yield of T3 were higher than that of T1 and T2 (p<0.05). Dry matter yield of T3 was lower than that of T1 (p<0.05). In particular, T3 ($0.1kg/cm^2$) showed to be very tender compared to other T1 ($0.5kg/cm^2$) and T2 ($0.5kg/cm^2$), (p<0.05). The crude protein content of T3 as 8.25% was higher than that of T2 (5.90%), (p<0.05). However, there was no significant differences between T1 (8.14%). The brix degree of T2 was higher than that of T1 and T3 (p<0.05). T3 showed higher content of total minerals compared to T1 and T2 (p<0.05). The relative palatability of T3 was higher than T1 and T2 (p<0.05), when fed to deer as soiling crop. However, it showed a lower than T1 in Korean native cattle and korean native goats. The relative palatability of the silage shown in order of T1> T3> T2 in korean native cattle, spotted deer, and korean native goats. As mentioned above the results, Geukdong 6 (T3) could be recommended as using of soiling and lab silage, when high fresh yield, tender stem, number of many leaf, content of high crude protein, and palatability higher than sorghum ${\times}$ sudangrass hybrid were considered.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.272-280
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• 2015

A simultaneous official method was developed for the determination of phorate and its metabolites (phorate sulfoxide, phorate sulfone, phorate oxon, phorate oxon sulfoxide, phorate oxon sulfone) in livestock samples. The analytes were quantified and confirmed via liquid chromatograph-tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) in positive ion mode using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Phorate and its metabolites were extracted from beef and milk samples with acidified acetonitrile (containing 1% acetic acid) and partitioned with anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Then, the extract was purified through primary secondary amine (PSA) and C18 dispersive sorbent. Matrix matched calibration curves were linear over the calibration ranges (0.005-0.5 mg/L) for all the analytes into blank extract with $r^2$ > 0.996. For validation purposes, recovery studies were carried out at three different concentration levels (beef 0.004, 0.04 and 0.2 mg/kg; milk 0.008, 0.04 and 0.2 mg/kg, n = 5). The recoveries were within 79.2-113.9% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 19.2% for all analytes. All values were consistent with the criteria ranges requested in the Codex guidelines. The limit of quantification was quite lower than the maximum residue limit (MRL) set by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (0.05 mg/kg). The proposed analytical method was accurate, effective and sensitive for phorate and its metabolites determination and it will be used to as an official analytical method in Korea.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.11-18
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• 2013

In this study, rice wine cakes (Jubak) was produced using with Astragali memvranaceus with excellent antioxidant and antidiabetic effects and produced. This Jubak was applied to improve the cookies of modern taste and well-being products. The cookies according to the different ratio (added 0-1.0%) of Astragali memvranaceus and investigated the physicochemical characteristics, sensory evaluation, DPPH free radical scavenging activities, polyphenol and flavonoid contents. There were little changes in pH and density. The hardness of all treated cookies increased with Astragali memvranaceus Jubak(AJ) containing of different moisture contents. In color, L and a values of most cases increased in most of the treatments, but b value was reduced. In the sensory evaluation, the flavor and total scores showed the highest in 0.5% AJ cookies. But the higher proportion of AJ cookies that had unique flavors and tastes, so the total acceptance score decreased. The polyphenol and flavonoid contents increased in the higher proportion of AJ. In DPPH free radical scavenging activities, the control (no Jubak added) was 44%, and containing of 1% AJ cookies showed 82%. In conclusion, our study suggests that 0.5% in addition of AJ increased positive attributes and functional to cookies.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.77-83
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• 2016

The measurement of total fresh weight of plants provides an essential indicator of crop growth for monitoring production. To measure fresh weight without damaging the vegetation, image-based methods have been developed, but they have limitations. In addition, the total plant fresh weight is difficult to measure directly in hydroponic cultivation systems because of the amount of nutrient solution. This study aimed to develop a real-time, precise method to measure the total fresh weight of Romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Asia Heuk Romaine) with growth stage in a plant factory using a nutrient film technique. The total weight of the channel, amount of residual nutrient solution in the channel, and fresh shoot and root weights of the plants were measured every 7 days after transplanting. The initial weight of the channel during nutrient solution supply (Wi) and its weight change per second just after the nutrient solution supply stopped were also measured. When no more draining occurred, the final weight of the channel (Ws) and the amount of residual nutrient solution in the channel were measured. The time constant (${\tau}$) was calculated by considering the transient values of Wi and Ws. The relationship of Wi, Ws, ${\tau}$, and fresh weight was quantitatively analyzed. After the nutrient solution supply stopped, the change in the channel weight exponentially decreased. The nutrient solution in the channel slowly drained as the root weight in the channel increased. Large differences were observed between the actual fresh weight of the plant and the predicted value because the channel included residual nutrient solution. These differences were difficult to predict with growth stage but a model with the time constant showed the highest accuracy. The real-time fresh weight could be calculated from Wi, Ws, and ${\tau}$ with growth stage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.89-96
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• 2015

Supremo coffee was light and dark brewed and grinded using different beans sizes. We determined physicochemical properties of Supremo coffee in the form of moisture, crude fat, crude protein, and crude ash contents. Moisture content was higher in beans of the dark brew than the light brew. Carbohydrate content was lower in the dark brew. However, crude fat, crude protein, and crude ash contents were higher in the dark brew. pH level was higher in beans of the dark. L value (brightness) decreased in the dark brew. a value (red coloring) and b value (yellow coloring) were both increased in the light brew and decreased in the dark brew. Stronger brewing resulted in lower a and b values. The contents of Ca, Fe, K, Na, and P were measured, and the results showed that K content was the highest. Total dietary fiber content was significantly higher than all other brewing parameters. Soluble dietary fiber content was 4.25 g/100 g in the dark brew and week grinding while insoluble dietary fiber was 63.49 g/100 g in the light brew and week grinding, which was the highest. Fatty acid composition was not significantly different according to brewing and grinding conditions. Supremo coffee contained acetic acid, propionic acid, oxalic acid, citric acid, and fumaric acid. In particular, contents of acetic acid and fumaric acid were highest. These results suggest that physicochemical properties of Supremo coffee are affected by different brewing and grinding conditions.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.21-28
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• 2011

Hibiscus cannabinus L is a plant in the Malvaceae family. Kenaf was seeded at June 1st in 2010 and harvested at November 18th and dried and evaluated worth as a bulking agent for livestock composting. Harvested and dried Kenaf was divided into the bast, core and leaf. All materials were grinded by hammer mill and the moisture absorption, moisture evaporation, pH, volume weight and C/N ratio were measured. Kenaf was higher water absorption and evaporation ability than those of sawdust and chaff. The pH values of Kenaf were pH $2.8{\pm}0.01$ - $4.34{\pm}0.02$, which is lower pH value than those of sawdust (pH $5.28{\pm}0.01$) and chaff (pH $6.3{\pm}0.02$). The C/N ratio of Kenaf showed 649 of core, 204 of bast and 70 of leaf, which were lower than sawdust (789.1) but higher than chaff (132). In volume weight test, the materials were divided by particle size of Kenaf, named as group A(${\geq}4cm$), B(${\leq}4cm$, ${\geq}0.25cm$) and C(${\leq}0.25cm$). The volume of weight of group A and B for core, bast and leaf showed similar, but group C showed higher than those of sawdust and chaff. Especially, the volume weight of group C for leaf was 5 times higher than those of sawdust and chaff. This study suggested the possibility of using Kenaf as a bulk agent for composting of livestock manure. This is considered that strengthen the competitiveness of farmers through reducing the cost, prevention of environmental pollution caused by livestock manure and environmentally friendly processing of livestock manure.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.51-59
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• 2009

The chemical components and antimicrobial activities of garlic from different area were investigated and analyzed to provide basic data for functional food materialization and processing. Hunter's values of garlic from different area were L 53.41~57.15, a -3.49~-4.38 and b 11.47~17.55. The moisture, crude protein, crude fat, nitrogen free extract, crude fiber and ash were 65.24~71.96, 6.24~9.35, 0.21~0.49, 19.01~22.72, 0.58~0.95 and 1.01~2.01%, respectively. The major minerals of garlic from different area were Na(27.22~112.03), Mg(18.17~32.56), K(242.16~569.28), Ca(28.60~63.93), P(117.72~265.21 mg%) and major free sugars were sucrose, glucose and fructose. The major amino acids of garlic from different area were proline, arglmne, glutamic acid and aspartic acid and content of total amino acid was 2,709.33~4,561.04 mg%. The ascorbic acid content of garlic from different area was 2.966~8.673 mg%. Composition of fatty acids of garlic from different area were linoleic acid, oleic acid and palmitic acid, unsaturated fatty acid and saturated fatty acid contents were 72.18~74.35 and 25.65~27.82%, respectively. Antimicrobial activities of garlic extracts as different area increased depends on concentration and showed the high antimicrobial activities against Gram(+) and Gram(-).