• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.123-133
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• 1994

The ground pork patties were made to add two level of sodium chloride(2.5%, 3.0%) and replace part(50%) of the sodium chloride(NaCl) with either potassium chloride(KCl), magnesium chloride(MgCl2) or calcium chloride(CaCl2). These samples were analyzed for their chemical composition, VBN value, TBA value, microbial counts, and cooking loss. The ground pork with NaCl 2.5% was more desirable in saltness than the ground pork with NaCl 3.0%. Replacing 50% of the sodium chloride with potassium chloride was more desirable to flavor, color, juiciness, and overall acceptability than replacing 50% of the sodium chloride with either magnesium chloride or calcium chloride. The ground pork with NaCl 2.5% or NaCl 1.25% ＋KCI 1.60% had higher pH value than the ground pork with NaCl 1.25% ＋MgCl2 0.67% or NaCl 1.25% ＋CaCl2 0.79%. The ground pork with the ground pork with NaCl 2.5% had lower VBN value than the ground pork with either NaCl 1.25%＋KCI 1.60%, NaCl 1.25% ＋ MgCl2 0.67%, or NaCl 1.25% ＋CaCl2 0.79%. The ground pork with NaCl 1.25% ＋ CaCl2 0.67% had higher increase in total colony count than the ground pork with NaCl 2.5% or NaCl 1.25% ＋ CaCl2 0.79%. Cooking loss of ground pork with NaCl 2.5% was lowest and cooking loss of ground pork with NaCl 1.25% ＋ KCl 1.60% was highest. Potassium chloride would not be a substitute for sodium chloride in cooking loss and total colony count but potassium chloride more closely approximated the sensory properties of sodium chloride than either magnesium chloride or calcium chloride.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.8-14
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• 2017

치매유발제인 $AlCl_3$에 대한 rosmarinic acid의 영향을 알아보기 위하여 뇌세포종인 배양 C6 glioma 세포를 배양한 후 세포생존율을 비롯한 전자공여능(electron donating ability, EDA), SOD-유사활성(superoxide dismutase-like activity) 및 지질과산화(lipid peroxidation) 억제능을 조사하였다. 본 연구에서 $AlCl_3$는 배양 세포에 농도 의존적으로 세포생존율을 대조군에 비하여 유의하게 감소시킴으로서 세포독성을 나타냈다. 또한, $AlCl_3$의 $XTT_{50}$값이 $142.2{\mu}M$에서 나타남으로 이는 Borenfreund와 Puerner의 독성판정기준에 의하여 중간독성(mid-toxic)인 것으로 나타났다. 한편, rosmarinic acid가 $AlCl_3$에 미치는 영향에 있어서, $40{\mu}M$ rosmarinic acid 처리에서는 $AlCl_3$만의 처리에 비하여 세포생존율을 유의하게 증가시킴으로서 $AlCl_3$의 산화적 손상으로부터 세포손상을 보호하였다. 또한 rosmarinic acid는 전자공여능을 비롯한 SOD-유사활성 및 지질과산화의 억제효과를 보임으로서 항산화능을 나타냈다. 이상의 결과로 부터 산화적 손상이 $AlCl_3$의 독성에 관여하고 있으며, rosmarinic acid는 항산화능에 의하여 $AlCl_3$의 독성을 효과적으로 방어하였다. 따라서, rosmarinic acid와 같은 천연성분은 치매와 같이 산화적 손상과 관련된 병변의 치료적 개선을 위한 천연 소재로서의 가능성을 제시하였다.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.21-28
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• 2006

Gadolinium chloride ($GdCl_{3}$) was known to block Kupffer cells and generally its toxicity study based on blocking these cells. Therefore, $GdCl_{3}$ frequently used to study toxic mechanisms of hepatotoxicants inducing injury through Kupffer cells. We also tried to investigate the effect of $GdCl_{3}\;on\;CCl_{4}$ toxicity, typical hepatotoxicants. Administration of $GdCl_{3}$ to mice significantly suppressed AST (asparatate amino transferase), ALT (alanine amino transferase) levels which were increased by $CCl_{4}$ treatment. However, $GdCl_{3}$ didn't inhibit the phagocytotic activity of Kupffer cells. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a good indicator of the degree of lipid peroxidation. In this study, MDA increased by $GdCl_{3}$ administration not by $CCl_{4}$. To understand the toxicity of $GdCl_{3}$, we analyzed global gene expression profile of mice liver after acute $GdCl_{3}$ injection. Four hundred fifty two genes were differentially expressed with more than 2-fold in at least one time point among 3 hr, 6 hr, and 24 hr. Several genes involved in fibrogenesis regulation. Several types of pro-collagens (Col1a2, Col5a2, Col6a3, and Col13a1) and tissue inhibitor of metal-loproteinase1 (TIMP1) were up regulated during all the time points. Genes related to growth factors, chemokines, and oxidative stress, which were known to control fibrogenesis, were significantly changed. In addition, $GdCl_{3}$ induced abnormal regulation between lipid synthesis and degradation related genes. These data will provide the information about influence of $GdCl_{3}$ to hepatotoxicity.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.206-208
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• 1990

Cu(II) hexaazamacrotricyclic complexes $[Cu(L)](ClO_4)_2$ and $[(Cu(L)Cl]ClO_4$, where L = 1,3,6,9,11,14-hexaazatricyclo$[12.2.1.1^{6,9}]octadecane(L_1)$ or 1,3,6,10,12,15-hexaazatricyclo$[13.3.1.1^{6,10}]eicosane(L_2)$, have been prepared by the simple template condensation reactions of triamines, diethylenetriamine for $L_1$, and N-(2-aminoethyl)-1,3-propanediamine for $L_2$, with formaldehyde in the presence of $Cu(OAc)_2\;or\;CuCl_2$. The Cu(II) complexes of $L_1$ contain two 1,3-diazacyclopentane ring moieties and those of $L_2$ contain two 1,3-diazacyclohexane ring moieties that are fused to the 14-membered macrocyclic framework. Spectra indicate that complexes $[Cu(L)](ClO_4)_2\;and\;[Cu(L)Cl]ClO_4$ have square-planar and square-pyramidal chromophores, respectively. square-planar $[Cu(L)](ClO_4)_2$ are remarkably stable against ligand dissociation in acidic aqueous solutions. Square-pyramidal $[Cu(L)Cl]ClO_4$ complexes dissociate their axial Cl-ligands easily in aqueous solutions to form $[Cu(L)H_2O]^{2+}$ species. Infrared and UV/vis absorption spectra of the Cu(II) complexes reveal that Cu-N interactions and the ligand field strengths are significantly weaker in the complexes of $L_2$ than in the complexes of $L_1$.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.339-345
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• 2007

Urea는 높은 온도(60~80 °C)의 수용액 상태에서 PtCl2, H2[PtCl6]·6H2O, H2[IrCl6] Ni(CH3CO2)2 와 반응해서 각각 (1)[PtCl2(Urea)]·2H2O, (2)(NH4)2[PtCl6], (3)(NH4)2[IrCl6]·H2O, (4)[Ni2(OH)2(NCO)2(H2O)2]의 complexes를 생성 한다. complexe 1에서 urea는 중성 bidentate 리간드로써 Pt(II)와 배위한다. complexe 2,3,4에서는 높은 온도에서 반 응하는 동안 배위 urea분자들이 분해되고 다양한 반응생성물들을 얻을 수 있다. 모든 complexes은 각각 적당한 수득률 로 dark green(1) yellow(2), pale brown (3) faint green(4)의 침전물로 분리된다. 반응생성물은 열분석, IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectra에 의해 측정 되었다. 이 complexes의 구성을 설명하는 일반적인 매카니즘이 제시되었다.

• 한국태양에너지학회 논문집
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.87-94
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• 2007

In this paper, with water-LiCl-$CaCl_2-Zn(NO_3)_2$ mixture which utilizes solar energy at the evaporator heat source, a thermodynamic analysis was performed to provide design data for a double-effect absorption heating system. A comparative study of the water-LiCl-$CaCl_2-Zn(NO_3)_2$ mixture against the water-LiBr pair was conducted by a computer simulation. The computer simulation is based on mass, material and heat balance equations for each part of the system. Coefficients of performance and flow ratios for effects of different operating temperatures are investigated. It is found that the heating COP is higher for the water-LiCl-$CaCl_2-Zn(NO_3)_2$ mixture than for the water-LiBr pair, and FR is lower for the former.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.174-181
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• 1973

이클로리도비스아세테이토 티탄(IV)은 알콜에 녹을 때 화학반응을 일으킨다. $TiCl_2(OAc)_2$의 이러한 가알콜분해 반응을 여러 형태의 알콜에 대하여 반응 용액의 핵자기 공명스펙트럼과 분리된 반응 생성물의 화학분석결과 등을 이용하여 완전히 구명하였다. $TiCl_2(OAc)_2$와 1급 알콜과의 반응은 다음과 같은 2단계의 리간드 치환반응이 정량적으로 일어남을 알았다. $TiCl_2(OAc)_2+ROH{\to}TiCl_2(OAc)_2(OR)+AcOH$, $TiCl_2(OAc)_2(OR)+ROH{\to}TiCl_2(OAc)_2+AcOH$ 또한 $TiCl_2(OAc)_2$가 알콜에 녹을 때 최초의 가용성 분자 형태는 $TiCl_2(OAc)(OR)$임을 알 수 있었다. 3급 알콜과의 가알콜분해 반응은 1급 알콜때와는 상당히 다름을 알 수 있었다. 즉 3급 부칠 알콜과 $TiCl_2(OAc)_2$의 몰비가 1:2이하인 경우에는 다음과 같은 치환 반응만 선택적으로 일어난다. $TiCl_2(OAc)_2+t-ButOH\toTiCl_2(OAc)_2+t-ButCl$그러나 위의 몰비가 1:2이상이 되면 이러한 반응과 병행하여 1급 알콜과의 첫단계 반응과 똑같은 형의 치환 반응이 경쟁적으로 일어남을 발견하였다. 3급 알콜과의 반응이 1급 알콜과의 반응과 또 다른 점은 $TiCl_2(OAc)_2$중의 두 개의 클로리도리간드 또는 두 개의 아세테이토리간드 중 하나만이 3급 부칠알콜의 OH또는 t-ButO기와 치환된다는 사실이다.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.166-172
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• 2003

Calcium lactate (CL) prepared from powdered black snail (PBS) or its ashed powder (ABS), was investigated for ideal manufacturing conditions to optimize color, solubility and sensory quality. Based on the amount of PBS and 100 mL lactic acid (LA), the yields of PBS-CL were 300% and 15 g in 10% LA and 260% and 20 g in 20% LA. Yields of ABS-CL based on the amount ABS and 100 mL LA were 400% and 60 g in 10% LA and 329% and 66 g in 20% LA. Both of the yields were decreased with an increase of the LA concentration on the basis of PBS and ABS amounts, but proportionally increased with the increment in the LA concentration on the basis of LA volume. Optimal preparation times of the dehydrated PBS-CL and ABS-CL were, respectively, 4 hr and 5 hr at 10$0^{\circ}C$, 3 hr and 4 hr at 12$0^{\circ}C$, and 1 hr and 2 hr at 15$0^{\circ}C$, which showed shorter time in preparing the dehydrated ABS-CL. PBS-CL and ABS-CL were confirmed to be Ca($CH_3$CHOH$CO_2$)$_2$ by the analysis results of IR and $^1$H-NMR. Calcium contents of the anhydrous PBS-CL and ABS-CL were individually 15.4% (w/w) and 17.3% (w/w) representing 84.2% and 94.5% or each theoretical value. Colors or PBS-CL and ABS-CL were light yellow and light-greenish white each. Solubilities of PBS- CL and ABS-CL in distilled water at pH 3~8 were 5.43 and 6.11 g/100 mL, respectively, which demonstrated higher mean solubilities rather than the 4.74 g/100 mL of standard CL. Solubilities of PBS-CL (3.14~5.03 g/100 mL) and ABS-CL (4.69~6.05 g/100 mL) against soup soy sauce, 3% brine, Soju (Korean distilled liquor), thick soy sauce, grape juice and orange juice were higher than those of standard CL (2.94~5.84 g/100 mL). ABS-CL was believed to have a wide use range due to its low sourness while different applications of PBS-CL in food are expected due to its mild astringent taste and strong savory taste despite its strong bitter taste as estimated by sensory evaluation.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.295-300
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• 2012

Manganese ($Mn^{2+}$) is a trace element that is essential for normal physiology, and is predominantly obtained from food. Several lines of evidence, however, demonstrated that overexposure to $MnCl_2$ exerts serious neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity and developmental toxicity, particularly in male. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of 0, 1.0, 3.3, and 10 mg/kg/day doses of $MnCl_2$ on the reproductive organs in the immature female rats. Rats (PND 22; S.D. strain) were exposed to $MnCl_2$ ($MnCl_2{\cdot}4H_2O$) dissolved in drinking water for 2 weeks. The animals were sacrificed on PND 35, then the tissues were immediately removed and weighed. Histological studies were performed using the uteri tissue samples. Serum LH and FSH levels were measured with the specific ELISA kits. Body weights of the experimental group animals were not significantly different from those of control group animals. However, ovarian tissue weights in 1 mg and 3.3 mg $MnCl_2$ dose groups were significantly lower than those of control animals (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively). Uterine tissue weights of 3.3 mg dose $MnCl_2$ groups were significantly lower than those of control animals (p<0.01), while the 1 mg $MnCl_2$ dose and 10 mg $MnCl_2$ dose failed to induce any change in uterine weight. Similarly, only 3.3 mg $MnCl_2$ dose could induce the significant decrease in the oviduct weight compared to the control group (p<0.05). Non-reproductive tissues such as adrenal and kidney failed to respond to all doses of $MnCl_2$ exposure. The uterine histology revealed that the $MnCl_2$ exposure could affect the myometrial cell proliferation particularly in 3.3 mg dose and 10mg dose group. Serum FSH levels were significantly decreased in 1mg $MnCl_2$ dose and 10 $MnCl_2$ mg groups (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively). In contrast, treatment with 1 mg $MnCl_2$ dose induced a significant increment of serum LH level (p<0.05). The present study demonstrated that $MnCl_2$ exposure is capable of inducing abnormal development of reproductive tissues, at least to some extent, and altered gonadotropin secretions in immature female rats. Combined with the well-defined actions of this metal on GnRH and prolactin secretion, one can suggest the $Mn^{2+}$ might be a potential environmental mediator which is involved in the female pubertal process.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2016

본 연구는 배양 NIH3T3 섬유모세포를 재료로 독성물질인 염화카드뮴($CdCl_2$)의 세포독성과 이에 대한 애기똥풀(Chelidonium majus, CM) 추출물의 방어효과를 조사하기 위하여 세포생존율(cell viability)을 비롯한 $CdCl_2$에 대한 BHT의 영향 및 DPPH-자유라디칼 소거능, superoxide anion-radical scavenging activity (SSA), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) 활성과 같은 항산화 효과를 분석하였다. 그 결과 $CdCl_2$는 농도 의존적으로 배양 NIH3T3 섬유모세포의 생존율을 유의하게 감소하였으며, $XTT_{50}$값이 38.7uM로 나타나 Borenfreund와 Puerner의 독성판정기준에 따라 고독성(highly-toxic)인 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 항산화제인 BHT는 $CdCl_2$의 독성으로 인하여 심하게 손상된 세포생존율을 유의하게 증가시켰다. 한편, $CdCl_2$의 세포독성에 대한 CM 추출물의 방어효과에서, CM 추출물은 $CdCl_2$에 의하여 감소된 세포생존율을 유의하게 증가시켰으며, 또한 DPPH-자유라디칼 소거능을 비롯한 SSA 및 LDH 활성 억제와 같은 항산화능을 나타냈다. 이상의 결과에서 $CdCl_2$의 독성에 산화적 손상이 관여하고 있으며, CM 추출물은 항산화 효과에 의하여 $CdCl_2$의 세포독성에 대한 방어효과를 나타냈다. 결론적으로, CM 추출물과 같은 천연소재는 산화적 손상과 관련된 독성의 제독 내지는 저감을 위한 항산화물질로서의 개발적 가치가 있다고 사료된다.