• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.208-214
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• 2000

Objectives : Face-to-face interviews were conducted to investigate the relationship between blood pressure and the impairment of cognitive function in rural elderly (N=932) aged 60-64 in Dalsung County, April to September in 1996 Methods : Impairment of cognitive function was defined as a score of less than 23 by the Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSEK). Blood pressure was measured once in each subject using a portable automatic sphygmomanometer. Results : By univariate logistic regression on males, no category of systolic blood pressure bore statistical significance. Groups with diastolic blood pressures of, less than 80 mmHg, 90-94 mmHg, and more than 95mmHg had odds ratios of more than one compared with the reference group (80-89 mmHg). This was most significant in the group with blood pressures lower than 80 mmHg, which had a statistically significant odds ratio of 1.68 (95% confidence interval CI; 1.02-2.75). No category of blood pressure was statistically significant in females. Multivariate logistic regression for males, with adjustment for age, educational attainment, smoking, alcoholic drinking, body mass index, atherosclerotic disease, and antihypertensive medication use, did not alter the odds ratios significantly in terms of systolic blood pressure. However, the group with diastolic blood pressure of less than 80 mmHg had an increased odds ratio of 2.01 (95% CI; 1.15-3.52) compared with the reference group. In females, systolic blood pressure did not alter the odds ratio, but the group with a diastolic blood pressure of less than 80 mmHg had a statistically significant odds ratio of 0.57 (95% CI; 0.37-0.89). Conclusions : These results suggest that the relationship between blood pressure and cognitive function status is stronger diastolic than systolic blood pressure and that there is a complex relationship between blood pressure and cognitive function by sex.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.60-65
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• 2013

This study investigated the quality changes of French fries when cooked under a lower pressure than the ambient atmosphere. This was derived from the concept of boiling point depression of water under reduced pressure. The pressure during the frying process was controlled at measures of 760 mmHg, 560 mmHg, 360 mmHg, or 160 mmHg. The frying apparatus was manufactured to cook foods up to $200^{\circ}C$ and to have a valve to control the pressure. French fries were cooked at $180^{\circ}C$ for 4 minutes. After each pressure level was achieved, the French fries were dipped into a frying oil bath and cooked for 4 minutes. The quality changes, including moisture content, starch gelatinization, textural and sensory properties of the French fries were measured. The moisture contents were decreased at all 4 pressure levels after frying. Starch gelatinization was not significantly different among the samples. The hardness of French fries cooked at 160 mmHg was the best. In addition, the sensory properties including brown color, taste, and crispiness of French fries cooked at 160 mmHg was the best. The overall preference was higher when the frying pressure was lower.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.91-97
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to analyze the measurements of blood pressure and time using manual and automatic blood pressure monitors in various road conditions to verify reliable blood pressure monitor in a moving ambulance. First, the manual blood pressure monitor palpation on unpaved roads showed a systolic pressure deviation of 5 mmHg. However, the automatic blood pressure monitor showed two measurement failures, one reading failure, and the measured systolic pressure deviation was 35 mmHg. The measurement time was 102 seconds faster on average than the automatic blood pressure monitor. Second, the palpation of the manual blood pressure monitor while going over speed bumps remained constant at 130 mmHg. However, the automatic blood pressure monitor had a systolic pressure deviation of 52 mmHg. The measurement time was 61 seconds faster on average than the automatic blood pressure monitor. Finally, the manual blood pressure monitor palpation on the sharp curve road showed a systolic pressure deviation of 5 mmHg. The automatic blood pressure monitor had one reading failure and the measured systolic pressure deviation was 21 mmHg. The measurement time showed that the manual blood pressure monitor was 101 seconds faster than the automatic blood pressure monitor. As a result, in a moving ambulance during an emergency, the manual blood pressure monitor showed high reliability because the blood pressure measurement was constant and the measurement time was short.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.223-232
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• 1995

New two macrocyclic compounds using as carriers of liquid emulsion menbrame, have been synthesized. These reuslts provide evidance for the usefulness of the theory in designing the systems. The efficiency of selective transport for heavy metal ions have been discussed from the membrane systems that make use of $SCN^-$,<>,$I^-$,CN- and $Cl^-$ ion as co-anions in source phase and make use of $S_2O_3^{2-}$ and $P_2O_7^{4-}$ ion as receiving phase, respectively. The transport rate of M(II) was highest when a maximum amount of the M(II) in the source phase was present as$Cd(SCN)_2$$(P[SCN^-]= 0.40M)$, $Hg(SCN)_2([SCN^-]=0.40M)$ and Pd(CN)$([CN^-]= 0.40M)$. The Cd(II) and Pb(II) over each competitive cations were well transprted with 0.3M-S2032- and 0.3M-P2O74-, respectively in the receiving phase. Results of this study indicate that two criteria must be met in order to have effective macrocycle-mediated transport in these emulsion system. First one must effective extraction of the $M^{n+}$ into the toluene systems. The effectiveness of this extraction is the greatest if locK for $M^{n+}$macrocycle interaction is large and if the macrocycle is very insoluble in the aqueous phase. Second, the ratio of the locK values (or Mn+-receiving phase ($S_2O_3^{2-}$- or $P_2O_7^{4-}$) to $M^{n+}$-macrocycle (($L_1$이나 $L_2$) interaction must be large enough to ensure quantitative stripping of Mn+(($Cd^{2+}$,$Pb^{2+}$)at the toluene receiving Phase interface. $L_1$(3.5-benzo-10,13,18,21-tetraoxa-1,7,diazabicyclo(8,5,5) eicosan) forms a stable ($Cd^{2+}$ and >,$Pb^{2+}$ complexes and $L_1$ is very insoluble in water and its $Cd^{2+}$ and >,$Pb^{2+}$ complex is considerably less stable than $Cd^{2+}$-(S2O3)22- and $Pd^{2+}-P_2O_7^{4-}$ complexes. On the other hand, the stability of the $Hg^{2+}$)+-$L_1$( complex exceed that of the $Hg^{2+}$- (S2O3)22- and Hg2+-P2O74-, and the distribution coefficient of $L_2$(5,8,15,18,23,26-hexaoxa-1,12- diazabicyclo-(10,8,8) octacosane) is much smaller than that of $L_1$. Therefore, the partitioning of Lr is favored by the aqueous receiving Phase, and little heavy metal ions transport is seen despite the large logK for $Hg^{2+}$+-$L_1$ and $Mn^+$($Cd^{2+}$+, $Pb^{2+}$+ and $Hg^{2+}$)-$L_2$ interactions. Key Words : macrocycles, transport, heavy metal, co-anion, source phase, receiveing, complex separation, interaction, destribution coefficient.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.199-207
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• 2000

Objectives : This study was peformed to identify the risk factors related to the development of hypertension in a rural area. Method : Total of 3,573 subjects in Chung-Song County were interviewed and examined in 1996. The study cohort comprised 2,580 hypertension-free subjects aged above 20. One-year follow up was completed for 1,781 subjects(69.0%) in 1997. General characteristics(age, gender, education level, economic status, marital status), the family history of hypertension, diet, alcohol, smoking, coffee, stress, past history of oral contraceptive and menopausal status in female, height, weight, waist and hip circumference, baseline blood pressure, and serum total cholesterol were considered as risk factors. Results : Multivariate analysis using logistic regression model indicated that age(RH=1.50, 95% CI; 1.15-1.96), the family history of hypertension(RR=2.11, 95% CI; 1.04-4.26), waist-hip ratio(WHR) (RR=2.09, 95%, CI; 1.15-3.79), and baseline systolic blood pressure(130-139/<120mmHg)(RR=3.34, 95% CI; 1.47-7.60) were significant risk factors associated with the development of hypertension above the borderline level in male. In female, age(RR=1.06, 95% CI; 1.03-1.09), change in menopausal status$(no{\rightarrow}yes/no{\rightarrow}no)$ (RR=3.32, 95% CI; 1.01-10.87), baseline systolic blood pressure(120-129/<120mmHg: RR=2.00, 95% CI; 1.02-3.90)(130-139/<120mmHg: RR=2.64, 95% CI; 1.34-5.20) and baseline diastolic blood pressure(85-89/<80mmHg)(RR=4.09, 95% CI; 1.86-8.96) were identified as risk factors. Conclusions : Age and high normal blood pressure were significant risk factors for the development of hypertension above the borderline level. In addition, the family history of hypertension and WHR in men, and the change of menopausal status in women might be significant risk factors in Korea.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.460-463
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• 2004

본 논문은 고에너지 방사선 검출을 위한 흔합형 구조의 방사선 센서를 제작, 반응 특성을 평가하였다. 먼저, 스크린 인쇄법을 이용하여 형광체 필름을 제작하였으며, 발광스펙트럼(PL, Photoluminescence) 및 잔광 시간(decay time) 측정을 통하여 형광체의 발광 특성을 조사하였다. 제작된 혼합구조의 방사선 센서는 $2{\mu}m$ 두께의 $HgI_2$와 $150{\mu}m$ 두께의 형광체 필름으로 제작되었으며, 면적은 $2\;cm\;{\times}\;2\;cm$이다. 방사선에 대한 전기적 검출 신호의 특성을 조사하기 위해 인가전압에 따른 암전류 및 방사선민감도, 선량에 따른 검출신호를 측정하였다. 측정결과, 제작된 $HgI_2$ 필름은 방사선에 의해 형광체에서 방출된 가시광 파장을 잘 흡수하였으며, 진단영역의 저에너지 방사선에 의해 직접 전기적 신호를 발생시켜 높은 방사선 민감도를 보였다. 뿐만 아니라, 인가전압에 대해 $10\;pA/mm^2$이하의 낮은 암전류를 가졌으며, 넓은 조사선량에서 우수한 선형성을 보였다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.111-122
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• 2001

Objectives ; This study was undertaken to determine if Salviae Radix herb-acupuncture (SRA) exerts protective effect against alterations in membrane transport function in rabbits with mercury chloride (Hg)-induced acute renal failure. Methods and Results ; The administration of Hg at a subcutaneous single dose of 10mg/kg caused a reduction in GFR to 9.4% of the basal value and an increase in fractional Na+ excretion to 10-fold, indicating generation of acute renal failure. When animals were acupunctured with $0.5m{\ell}$ of SRA extract (0.1%) in both sides of Shinsu(BL23) for 7 days prod to Hg administration, such changes were significantly attenuated. The fractional excretion of glucose and phosphate was increased to approximately 132-fold and 7-fold, respectively, in rabbits treated with Hg alone, but the fractional excretion of glucose was increased to 26-fold and that of phosphate was not different from the basal value in SRA-pretreated rabbits. Uptakes of glucose and phosphate in purified isolated brush-border membrane and $Na^+-K^+$-ATPase activity in microsomal fraction were inhibited in rabbits treated with Hg alone, suggesting that impairment in proximal reabsorption of glucose and phosphate is resulted from a direct damage of membrane transport carriers and disruption of the normal $Na^+$ gradient. Conclusions ; Such changes were prevented by SRA. Uptakes of organic ions, PAH and TEA, in renal cortical slices were inhibited by the administration of Hg, which was prevented by SRA. Pretreatment of an antioxidant DPPD attenuated the increase in the fractional excretion of glucose and phosphate induced by the administration of Hg.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.163-167
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• 2006

To obtain the safety evaluation of the ginseng, residues of heavy metals in culture environment of ginseng on Punggi and Sangju, Kyeongbuk are surveyed. The concentration for component of ginseng on Punggi and Sangju were 14.12mg/kg and 15.74mg/kg, respectively. The concentration for general component such as crude fiber, ash, crude lipid, crude protein, carbohydrate, of ginseng were coincided between Punggi and Sangju. The concentration for As, Pb, Cd, and Hg in soil on Punggi were 14.24 ppb, 43.13 ppb, 8.73 ppb and 0.82 ppb, respectively. The concentration for As, Pb, Cd, and Hg in soil on Sangju were 19.20 ppb, 54.82 ppb, 15.90 ppb and 1.04, respectively. Residual heavy metals are not polluted in the soil with culture ginseng on Punggi and Sangju. The concentration for As, Pb, Cd, and Hg with ginseng on Punggi were 29.30ppb, 21.78 ppb, 1.32 ppb and 2.72 ppb, respectively. The concentration for As, Pb, Cd, and Hg with ginseng on Sangju were 3.22 ppb, 24.43 ppb, 1.44 ppb and 4.74 ppb, respectively. Also the detection concentration for As, Pb, Cd, and Hg in ginseng were also lower than the Korea Food & Drug Administration advisory level for heavy metal in herbal medicines. Residual heavy metals are not polluted in the ginseng on Punggi and Sangju at Kyeongbuk, Korea.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.87-94
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• 2008

Blood pressure (BP), one of the most important vital signs, is used to identify an emergency state and reflects the blood flow characteristics of the cardiovascular system. The conventional noninvasive method of measuring BP is inconvenient because patients must wear a cuff on their arm and the measurement process takes time. This paper proposes an algorithm for estimating the BP using the pulse transit time (PTT) of the photoplethysmography (PPG) and pressure pulse from finger at the same time as a more convenient way to measure the BP. After recording the electrocardiogram (ECG), measuring the pressure pulse, and performing PPG, we calculated the PTT from the acquired signals. Then, we used a multiple regression analysis to measure the systolic and diastolic BP indirectly. Comparing the BP measured indirectly using the proposed algorithm and the real BP measured with a sphygmomanometer, the systolic pressure had a mean error of ${\pm}3.240$ mmHg and a standard deviation of 2.530 mmHg, while the diastolic pressure had a satisfactory result, i.e., a mean error of ${\pm}1.807$ mmHg and a standard deviation of 1.396 mmHg. These results are more superior than existing method estimating blood pressure using the one PTT and satisfy the ANSI/AAMI regulations for certifying a sphygmomanometer i.e., the measurement error should be within a mean error of ${\pm}5$ mmHg and a standard deviation of 8 mmHg. These results suggest the possibility of applying our method to a portable, long-term BP monitoring system.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.38 no.8
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• pp.672-681
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• 2005

Metabolic syndrome (MS) was defined as condition in which the subjects have two or more abnormalities among obesity, hyperlipidemia, hypertension and hyperglycemia. To develop a nutritional education program for MS, this study was performed to compare the dietary habits and nutrients intake of complex symptoms of MS with obesity or hyper-glycemia. The participants in this study were 84 normal adults,62 MS with obesity, 33 MS with hyperglycemia and 54 MS with obesity and hyperglycemia (OB + HG). A dietary survey was conducted using 24-hour recall method. Total cholesterol level of MS with obesity group was significantly higher than other groups. WHR and systolic blood pressure showed no significant difference among MS with obesity, hyperglycemia and OB+HG groups. Dietary intakes of energy, Fe, Vit A, Vit $B_2$ and Ca were less than $75\%$ of 7th Korean RDA in the all groups. Especially, dietary intakes of Vit $B_2$, Vit A and Ca were less than $50\%$ of RDA in MS with hyperglycemia and OB+HG groups. The other nutrient intakes of each group were also below the RDA level except for P, Vit C. It appeared that most of the nutrient intakes in MS with hyperglycemia and OB + HG groups were significantly lower than normal group. In MS with obesity group, each consumption of sweet, organ meat and soup was higher than other groups. Each consumption of garlic and onion in MS with obesity, hyperglycemia and OB + HG groups was lower than normal group. Also, each consumption of soup in MS with hyperglycemia and OB + HG groups was higher than normal group. Indices of nutritional quality (INQ) for Ca, Vit A and Vit $B_2$ were below 1 in all the groups. Food composition group score of MS with hyperglycemia group was significantly lower than normal and MS with obesity groups. Our results indicated that nutritional education program for MS with obesity or hyperglycemia should include specific strategies to modify unsound dietary habits and inappropriate food intake for health.