• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.156-159
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• 2007

The red emission properties of $Mn^{4+}$ doped $SrAl_{12}O_{19}$ prepared by the solid-state reaction was investigated, in order to verify its potential to act as the red emitting phosphor of white LEDs. The emission spectrum exhibits a narrow band between $600{\sim}700 nm $ with four sharp peaks occurring at about 643, 656, 666, 671 nm due to the $^2E\to^4A_2$ transition of $Mn^{4+}$. The excitation spectrum exhibits a broad band between $200{\sim}500 nm$ with three peaks occurring at about 338, 398 and 468 nm, respectively. Moreover, the relative emission intensity of $SrAl_{12}O_{19}:Mn^{4+}$ with or without $CaF_2$ and MgO fluxes measured at excitation source 390 nm. The relative emission intensity of $SrAl_{12}O_{19}:Mn^{4+}$ containing 0.67mol% MgO was approximately 30% higher than that of the base composition sample. Strontium hexa-aluminate measured at room temperature as a function of the substituted Mg concentration. MgO was added to replace part of the $Al_2O_3$. Also, the relative emission intensity of $SrAl_{12}O_{19}:Mn^{4+}$ containing 0.67 mol% MgO and 0.67 mol% $CaF_2$ was approximately about 48% higher than that of the base composition $SrAl_{12}O_{19}:Mn^{4+}$.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.87-92
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• 2007

A $CaAl_{12}O_{19}:Mn^{4+}$ red phosphor showed the highest emission intensity at a concentration of 0.02mole $Mn^{4+}$ and the high crystallinity and luminescent properties were obtained at $1600^{\circ}C$ firing temperature for 3hr. The synthesized phosphor showed a broad emission band at 658nm wavelength. Red light-emitting diodes(LEDs) were fabricated through the integration of on InGaN UV bare chip and a 1:3 ratio of $CaAl_{12}O_{19}:Mn^{4+}$ and epoxy resin in a single package. This coated LED can be applicable to make White LEDs under excitation energy of UV LED.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.37-42
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• 2014

$Mn^{4+}$-doped $CaAl_4O_7$ ($CA_2$) and $CaAl_{12}O_{19}$ ($CA_6$) powders were prepared under different conditions, with changes in the amounts of flux, Mn concentration, and mole ratio of $Al_2O_3$ to $CaCO_3$ in the starting mixtures, which affected the structure and the luminescence. $CA_2:Mn^{4+}$ and $CA_6:Mn^{4+}$ had the same excitation and emission spectra but with different intensities. The excitation spectra exhibited broad bands (320 - 470 nm) centered at 395 nm, while red emission bands were observed at 656 nm. The emission intensity of $CA_6:Mn^{4+}$ was nearly twice as high as that of $CA_2:Mn^{4+}$, as the $Mn^{4+}$ ions were located in an octahedral crystal field in the $CA_6$, but not in the $CA_2$.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2011.08a
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• pp.316-316
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• 2011

유기발광소자는 빠른 응답속도, 고휘도 및 면발광의 장점을 가지고 있어서 차세대 디스플레이와 조명시장에서 주목을 받고 있다. 그 중 백색유기발광소자는 차세대 조명과 디스플레이의 백라이트로서 많은 연구가 진행되고 있으며, 다른 디스플레이에 비해서 많은 장점을 가지고 있다. 그러나 백색유기발광소자의 경우 복잡한 구조에 의한 공정비용의 증가, 낮은 효율 및 색안정성과 같은 문제점이 있다. 본 연구에서는 청색 인광 물질을 사용하여 고효율의 청색 유기발광소자를 제작하였으며, 졸-겔 방법으로 제작된 Mn 도핑된 $Zn_2SiO_4$ 녹색 무기물 형광체와 Mn 도핑된 $CaAl_{12}O_{19}$ 적색 무기물 형광체를 제작된 청색 유기발광소자에 도포하여 백색 발광소자를 제작하였다. Mn 도핑된 $Zn_2SiO_4$와 Mn 도핑된 $CaAl_{12}O_{19}$ 무기물 형광체층은 청색 유기발광소자에서 발생하는 빛을 흡수하여 적색과 녹색의 빛으로 변환하기 때문에 백색 구현에 필요한 청색, 녹색, 적색의 빛을 모두 얻을 수 있다. 녹색과 적색의 무기물 형광체의 두께와 결정크기에 따른 광학적 특성 변화를 조사하여 최적의 백색 발광소자를 제작하였다. 주사전자현미경을 통해 무기물 형광체의 결정크기를 조사하였으며, 전압-휘도 특성으로 광학적 특성을 조사한 결과 제작한 백색 발광소자의 색좌표가 순백색에 가까운 값을 나타내었다. 색변환층으로 사용한 무기물 형광체의 구조적 및 광학적 성질에 대한 결과를 바탕으로 백색 유기발광소자의 발광메커니즘을 설명하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2010.02a
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• pp.422-422
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• 2010

유기 발광 소자는 전색 디스플레이, 액정디스플레이의 백라이트유닛 및 조명으로의 사용가능성 때문에 많은 관심을 받아 왔고 지속적으로 발전하여 디스플레이 뿐 아니라 조명 시장에서 관심을 갖게 되었다. 그러나 유기 발광 소자의 효율은 무기 발광 소자의 효율보다 낮고 제작하는 데 고비용을 요하기 때문에 조명시장으로의 원활한 진입을 위해서는 지속적인 연구가 필요적이다. 발광층에 삼원색을 혼합하여 백색 유기 발광 소자를 제작하는 방법은 그 제조 공정이 복잡하고 공정 단가가 크게 상승할 우려가 있고 발광 물질의 수명을 동시에 고려해주어야 하는 문제점이 있다. 이 문제를 해결하기 위하여 청색 유기 발광 소자를 제작하고 색변환층으로 적색 형광체를 사용하면 그 단순한 구조에 기인한 간단한 공정으로 인해 가격과 소자성능의 안정성을 가지는 장점을 가질 수 있다. 색변환층의 두께를 통해 유기 발광 소자의 발광 스펙트럼을 아주 용이하게 조절할 수 있어 높은 연색지수를 갖는 백색 발광 유기 소자의 제작이 가능하여 조명으로의 적용 가능성이 아주 크다. 이를 바탕으로 높은 휘도를 갖는 청색 유기 발광 소자의 유리 기판 반대편에 적색 형광체층을 두께별로 도포하여 백색 유기 발광 소자를 제작하였다. 색변환층으로 사용될 적색 형광체는 $CaAl_{12}O_{19}:Mn^{4+}$ 화합물로써 졸-겔 방법을 사용하여 제작하였다. 제작한 $CaAl_{12}O_{19}:Mn^{4+}$ 화합물에 대한 X 선 회절 패턴은 형성된 형광체의 구조임을 알 수 있었다. 각기 다른 형광체의 도포 조건에 따른 구조적 성질과 색변환 효율의 변화를 알아보기 위해 주사전자 현미경 측정으로 확인하였다. 제작된 적색 형광체와 청색 유기 발광 소자는 광루미네센스 스펙트럼과 전계 발광루미네센스 스펙트럼 결과를 사용하여 발광 메커니즘을 분석하였다.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.643-659
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• 2012

The Chungju Fe-REE deposit is located in the Kyemyeongsan Formation of the Ogcheon Group. The Kyemyeongsan Formation includes meta-volcanic rocks and pegmatite hosted REE deposit which show different kind of REE-containing minerals. The meta-volcanic rocks hosted REE deposits' main REE minerals are allanite, zircon, apatite, and sphene, whereas the pegmatite hosted REE deposits is mainly composed of fergusonite, and karnasurtite, zircon, thorite. The meta-volcanic rock hosted major REE mineral is allanite as the form of aggregation and contains 23.89-29.19 wt% TREO (Total Rare Earth Oxide), 4.71-9.92 wt% $La_2O_3$, 11.30-14.33 wt% $Ce_2O_3$, 0.11-0.29 wt% $Y_2O_3$, 0.15-0.94 wt% $ThO_2$, as a formula of (Ca, Y, REE, Th)$_{2.095}$(Mg, Al, Ti, Mn, $Fe^{3+})_{2.770}(SiO_4)_{2.975}(OH)$. Accompanying REE in a coupled substitution for $Ca^{2+}$ (M1 site) and $Al^{3+}-Fe^{2+}$ (M2 site) leads to a large chemical variety. Due to the allanite's high contents of Fe, it belongs to Ferrialanite. The pegmatite hosted deposit's domi-nant REE mineral is fergusonite as prismatic or subhedral grains associated with zircon, fluorite and karnasurtite. Geochemical composition of the fergusonite($YNbO_4$) suggests substitution of Y-REE and Y-Th in A-site, and Nb-Ta-Ti in B-site, furthermore the proportion of $Y_2O_3$ and $Nb_2O_5$ is oddly 1:1.5 comparing to the ideal ratio 1:1 and Nb is higher than Y, also A-site Y actively substitutes with REE. Karnasurtite in pegmatite variously ranges 9.16-22.88 wt% $Ce_2O_3$, 2.15-9.16 wt% and $La_2O_3$, 0.44-10.8 wt% $ThO_2$, as a calculated formula (Y, REE, Th, K, Na, Ca)$_{1.478}(Ti, Nb)_{1.304}$(Mg, Al, Mn, $Fe^{3+})_{0.988}$(Si, P)$_{1.431}O_7(OH)_4{\cdot}3H_2O$. Firstly the 870-860 Ma is the initial age of the supercontinent Rhodinia dispersal and subsequent A-1 type volcanism, which contains Fe, REE, and HFS(High Field Strength elements; Nb, Zr, Y etc.) elements in Fe-rich meta-volcanic rocks dominant Kyemyeongsan Formation, might mineralized allanite. Another synthesis is that regional metamorphism at late Paleozoic 300-280 Ma(Cho et al., 2002) might cause allanite mineralization. Also pegmatite REE mineralization highly related to the granite intrusion over the Chungju area in Jurassic(190 Ma; Koh et al., 2012). Otherwise above all, A-1 type volcanism at the same time of the Kyemyeongsan Formation development, regional metamorphism and pegmatite, might have caused REE mineralization. Although REE ore bodies display a close spatial association, each ore bodies display temporal distinction, different mineral assemblage and environment of ore formation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2014.02a
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• pp.396.2-396.2
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• 2014

백색 유기발광소자는 전색 디스플레이, 조명으로서의 잠재적인 특성으로 차세대 디스플레이 소자 기술로 많은 주목을 받고 있다. 백색 유기발광소자는 주로 R-G-B 영역의 다양한 발광층을 적층하여 제작한다. 하지만 여러 발광층을 적층해야하기 때문에 제작할 때 공정 과정이 복잡해지고, 높은 생산단가를 가지게 된다. 이런 문제를 해결하기 위해 형광체를 이용한 백색 유기발광소자의 연구가 진행되고 있지만, 아직 색순도와 색좌표에 대한 많은 연구가 미흡한 상태이다. 본 연구에서는 무기물 형광체를 활용하여 백색 유기발광소자의 전기적 특성과 광학적 특성을 관찰하였고, 광원으로 사용된 청색 유기발광소자에 녹색과 적색의 무기물 형광체를 결합하는 방법으로 백색 유기발광소자를 제작하였다. 광원으로 사용한 청색 유기발광 소자는 투명전극으로 ITO를 사용하였고, 정공 수송층으로 N,N'-bis-(1-naphthyl)-N,N'-diphenylbenzidine, 발광층으로 4,4-bis(2,2-diphenylethen-1-yl)biphenyl, 정공 저지 층과 전자 수송 층은 각각 bathocuproine 과 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline 을 사용 하였다. 전자 주입 층으로는 lithium quinolate를 사용하였으며 음극으로는 Al을 사용하였다. 색 변환 층으로 사용된 유기물 형광체는 sol-gel 방법으로 제작된 녹색 형광체 Y3Al5O12:Ce, 적색 형광체 Ca2AiO19:Mn 을 사용하였다. Sol-gel 방법으로 제작된 형광체는 X선 회절 분석기를 통해 JCPDS cards를 확인하였고, 형광체의 녹색과 적색의 혼합비율에 따른 색좌표를 확인하여 백색 유기발광소자를 제작 하였다.

• Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.83-100
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• 2022

The Zhenzigou Pb-Zn deposit, which is one of the largest Pb-Zn deposit in the northeast of China, is located at the Qingchengzi mineral field in Jiao Liao Ji belt. The geology of this deposit consists of Archean granulite, Paleoproterozoinc migmatitic granite, Paleo-Mesoproterozoic sodic granite, Paleoproterozoic Liaohe group, Mesozoic diorite and Mesozoic monzoritic granite. The Zhenzigou deposit which is a strata bound SEDEX or SEDEX type deposit occurs as layer ore and vein ore in Langzishan formation and Dashiqiao formation of the Paleoproterozoic Liaohe group. White mica from this deposit are occured only in layer ore and are classified four type (Type I : weak alteration (clastic dolomitic marble), Type II : strong alteration (dolomitic clastic rock), Type III : layer ore (dolomitic clastic rock), Type IV : layer ore (clastic dolomitic marble)). Type I white mica in weak alteration zone is associated with dolomite that is formed by dolomitization of hydrothermal metasomatism. Type II white mica in strong alteration zone is associated with dolomite, ankerite, quartz and alteration of K-feldspar by hydrothermal metasomatism. Type III white mica in layer ore is associated with dolomite, ankerite, calcite, quartz and alteration of K-feldspar by hydrothermal metasomatism. And type IV white mica in layer ore is associated with dolomite, quartz and alteration of K-feldspar by hydrothermal metasomatism. The structural formulars of white micas are determined to be (K_0.92-0.80Na_0.01-0.00Ca_0.02-0.01Ba_0.00Sr_0.01-0.00)_0.95-0.83(Al_1.72-1.57Mg_0.33-0.20Fe_0.01-0.00Mn_0.00Ti_0.02-0.00Cr_0.01-0.00V_0.00Sb_0.02-0.00Ni_0.00Co_0.02-0.00)_1.99-1.90(Si_3.40-3.29Al_0.71-0.60)_4.00O₁₀(OH_2.00-1.83F_0.17-0.00)_2.00, (K_1.03-0.84Na_0.03-0.00Ca_0.08-0.00Ba_0.00Sr_0.01-0.00)_1.08-0.85(Al_1.85-1.65Mg_0.20-0.06Fe_0.10-0.03Mn_0.00Ti_0.05-0.00Cr_0.03-0.00V_0.01-0.00Sb_0.02-0.00Ni_0.00Co_0.03-0.00)_1.99-1.93(Si_3.28-2.99Al_1.01-0.72)_4.00O₁₀(OH_1.96-1.90F_0.10-0.04)_2.00, (K_1.06-0.90Na_0.01-0.00Ca_0.01-0.00Ba_0.00Sr_0.02-0.01)_1.10-0.93(Al_1.93-1.64Mg_0.19-0.00Fe_0.12-0.01Mn_0.00Ti_0.01-0.00Cr_0.01-0.00V_0.00Sb_0.00Ni_0.00Co_0.05-0.01)_2.01-1.94(Si_3.32-2.96Al_1.04-0.68)_4.00O₁₀(OH_2.00-1.91F_0.09-0.00)_2.00 and (K_0.91-0.83Na_0.02-0.01Ca_0.02-0.00Ba_0.01-0.00Sr_0.00)_0.93-0.83(Al_1.84-1.67Mg_0.15-0.08Fe_0.07-0.02Mn_0.00Ti_0.04-0.00Cr_0.06-0.00V_0.02-0.00Sb_0.02-0.01Ni_0.00Co_0.00)_2.00-1.92(Si_3.27-3.16Al_0.84-0.73)_4.00O₁₀(OH_1.97-1.88F_0.12-0.03)_2.00, respectively. It indicated that white mica of from the Zhenzigou deposit has less K, Na and Ca, and more Si than theoretical dioctahedral mica. Compositional variations in white mica from the Zhenzigou deposit are caused by phengitic or Tschermark substitution [(Al³⁺)^VI+(Al³⁺)^IV <-> (Fe²⁺ or Mg²⁺)^VI+(Si⁴⁺)^IV] substitution. It means that the Fe in white mica exists as Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺, but mainly as Fe²⁺. Therefore, white mica from layer ore of the Zhenzigou deposit was formed in the process of remelting and re-precipitation of pre-existed minerals by hydrothermal metasomatism origined metamorphism (greenschist facies) associated with Paleoproterozoic intrusion. And compositional variations in white mica from the Zhenzigou deposit are caused by phengitic or Tschermark substitution [(Al³⁺)^VI+(Al³⁺)^IV <-> (Fe²⁺ or Mg²⁺)^VI+(Si⁴⁺)^IV] substitution during hydrothermal metasomatism depending on wallrock type, alteration degree and ore/gangue mineral occurrence frequency.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.10a
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• pp.697-699
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• 2009

Optical properties of white organic light-emitting devices (WOLEDs) fabricated utilizing a phosphor layer acting as a color conversion layer were investigated. The WOLEDs were achieved due to the enhancement in the color conversion efficiency of the phosphor layer, and the chromaticity coordinates of WOLEDs were (0.29, 0.33).

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.38 no.4 s.173
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• pp.481-492
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to determine geochemical characteristics for stream sediments in the Gwangju area. We collect the stream sediments samples by wet sieving along the primary channels and dry these samples slowly in the laboratory and grind to under 200mesh using an alumina mortar fur chemical analysis. Major elements, trace and rare earth elements are determined by XRF, ICP-AES and NAA analysis methods. For geochemical characteristics on geological groups of stream sediments, we separate geologic groups which are derived from Precambrian granite gneiss area, Jurassic granite area and Cretaceous Hwasun andesite area. Contents range of major elements for stream sediments in the Gwangju area are $SiO_2\;51.89\~70.63\;wt.\%,\;Al_2O-3\;12.91\~21.95\;wt.\%,\;Fe_2O_3\;3.22\~9.89\;wt.\%,\;K_2O\;1.85\~4.49\;wt.\%,\;MgO\;0.68\~2.90\;wt.\%,\;Na_2O\;0.48\~2.34\;wt.\%,\;CaO\;0.42\~6.72\;wt.\%,\;TiO_2\;0.53\~l.32\;wt.\%,\;P_2O_5\;0.06\~0.51\;wt.\%\;and\;MnO\;0.05\~0.69\;wt.\%.$ According to the AMF diagram for stream sediments and rocks, the stream sediments are plotted on boundary of tholeiitic series and calk alkaline series, which shows that contents of $Fe_2O_3$ are higher in stream sediments than rocks. According to variation diagram of $SiO_2$ versus $(K_2O+Na_2O),$ stream sediments are plotted on subalkaline series. Contents range of trace and rare earth elements for stream sediments in the Gwangiu area are Ba$590\~2170$ppm, Be1\~2.4$ppm, Cu$13\~79$ppm, Nb$20\~34$ppm, Ni$10\~50$ppm, Pb$17\~30$ppm, Sr$70\~1025$ ppm, V$42\~135$ppm, Zr$45\~171$ppm, Li$19\~77$ppm, Co$4.3\~19.3$ppm, Cr$28\~131$ppm, Cs$3.1\~17.6$ppm, Hf$5\~27.6$ppm, Rb$388\~202$ppm, Sb$0.2\~l.2$ ppm, Sc$6.4\~17$ppm, Zn$47\~389$ppm, Pa$8.8\~68.8$ppm, Ce$62\~272$ppm, Eu$1\~2.7$ppm and Yb$0.9\~6$ppm.