• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.538-544
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• 2014

A traditional fireplace has been used, but not much, for heating and cooking in rural area, Korea. Traditional fireplace as one type of biomass burnings is also emitting various air pollutants. Air pollutants emission from traditional fireplace was estimated in this study. There are two types of traditional fireplace, one for combined heating and cooking, the other one for cooking only. Types of fuels mostly used in traditional fireplace were wood, agricultural residue, solid waste. Activity levels such as fuel types, amount of fuel loading, and temporal variation were investigated by field survey over Korea. Estimated annual emissions from traditional fireplace were CO 6,335.0, NOx 555.0, SOx 9.6, VOC 1,771.7, TSP 181.4, $PM_{10}$ 119.9, $PM_{2.5}$ 96.2, $NH_3$ 1.4 ton/yr respectively. When emissions compared with the national emission inventory (CAPSS: Clean Air Policy Support System) of 2010 year, CO and $PM_{10}$ occupy 0.8% and 0.1% of total national emission, respectively.

• 대한교통학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.37-47
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 현재 대두되고 있는 온실가스 저감에 초점을 맞추어 고속도로상에 배출되고 있는 $CO_2$에 대해 정부정책 목표를 기준에 따른 전기차 보급전망과 2010년 기준 배출 현황을 토대로 장래 분석(2020년)을 하였다. 연구에서 수행한 주요 내용은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 고속도로에서 배출하는 온실가스의 경우 2010년 기준으로 약 17.3백만톤의 $CO_2$ 배출량이 발생하는 것으로 나타났으며, 이후 2015년 17.4백만톤, 2020년 16.2백만톤으로 분석되었다. 이러한 패턴의 결과는 KTDB 상의 O/D의 영향과 교통량 변화가 2015년 이후 2020년까지 증가하다가 2020년부터 감소하는 추세가 반영된 결과이다. 둘째, 전기차 보급전망에 따라 배출된 온실가스의 경우에는 2015년은 17.1백만톤으로 미시행(전기차 반영없음) 대비 약 2.0%의 저감효과가 발생되는 것으로 분석되었으며, 2020년에는 14.2백만톤으로 미시행 대비 약 12.8% 저감효과가 분석된 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.619-627
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• 2012

In order to determine reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) when the submerged membrane bioreactor with granular sulfur (MBR-GS) is used in wastewater treatment plant (WTP), the amount of GHGs was compared and analyzed in the advanced treatment process of P wastewater treatment plant (WTP). The amount of GHGs was estimated by classifying as construction and operation phase in WTP. The amount of GHGs in construction phase was evaluated from multiplying raw materials by using carbon emission factors. Also the amount of GHGs in operating phase was calculated by using total electricity consumption and carbon emission factor. The construction of anoxic tank and secondary settling tank is unnecessary, because the MBR-GS conducts simultaneously the nitrification and denitrification in aeration tank and filtration by hollow fiber membrane. The amount of $CO_2$, $CH_4$, and $N_2O$ emitted by constructing the MBR-GS was 6.44E+06 kg, 8.16E+03 kg and 1.38E+01 kg, respectively. The result shows that the GHGs was reduced about 47 % as compared with the construction in the MLE process. In operating the MBR-GS, the electricity is not required in the biological reactor and secondary setting tank. Thus, the amount of $CO_2$, $CH_4$, and $N_2O$ emitted by operating in the MBR-GS was 7.39E+05 kg/yr, 5.80E+02 kg/yr and 2.44E+00 kg/yr, respectively. The result shows that the GHGs were reduced about 37 % as compared with the operation in the MLE process. Also, $LCCO_2$(Life Cycle $CO_2$) was compared and analyzed between MLE process and MBR-GS. The amount of $LCCO_2 $emitted from the MLE process and MBR-GS was 3.56E+04 ton $CO_2$ and 2.12E+04 ton $CO_2$, respectively. The result shows that the GHGs in MBR-GS were reduced to about 40 % as compared in the MLE process during life cycle. As a result, sulfur-utilizing autotrophic denitrification process (SADP) is expected to be utilized as the cost-effective advanced treatment process, owing to not only high nitrogen removal efficiency but also the GHGs reduction in construction and operation stage.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.297-311
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• 2012

Since 1997, Korean Ministry of Knowledge Economy and Ministry of Environment have established data on some 400 basic raw and subsidiary materials and process like energy, petro-chemical, steel, cement, glass, paper, construction materials, transportation, recycling and disposal etc by initiating establishment of LCI database. Regarding agriculture, Rural Development Administration has conducted establishment of LCI database for major farm products like rice, barley, beans, cabbage and radish etc from 2009, and released that they would establish LCI database for 50 items until 2020 later on. The domestic LCI database for seeds, seedling, agrochemical, inorganic fertilizer and organic fertilizer etc is only at initial stage of establishment, so overseas LCI databases are brought and being used. However, since the domestic and overseas natural environments differ, they fall behind in reliability. Therefore, this study has the purpose to select organic farming materials, survey the production process for various types of organic farming materials and establish LCI database for the effects of greenhouse gas emitted during the process in order to select carbon basic units for agricultural production system compliant in domestic situation instead of relying on overseas data and apply life cycle assessment of greenhouse gas emitted by each crop during the process. As for selecting methods, in this study organic farming materials were selected in the method of direct observation of material and bottom-up method a survey method with focus on the organic farming materials admitted into rice production. For the basic unit of carbon emission amount by the production of 1kg of organic farming material, the software PASS 4.1.1 developed by Korea Accreditation Board under Ministry of Knowledge Economy was used. The study had the goal to ultimately provide basic unit to calculate carbon emission amount in executing many institutions like goal management system and carbon performance display system etc in agricultural sector to be conducted later on. As a result, emission basic units per 1kg of production were calculated to be 0.0088kg-$CO_2$ for charcoal, 0.1319kg-$CO_2$ for grass liquid, and 0.2804kg-$CO_2$ for microbial agent.

• 한국지리정보학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.40-52
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 탄소배출 인벤토리 구축에 있어서 지리정보시스템을 활용하여 공간 특성에 따라 분포되고 있는 탄소 배출 규모를 살펴 보고자 하였다. 궁극적으로는 공간대응형 탄소배출 인벤토리를 구축함으로서 온실가스 저감형 도시 공간구조 조성을 위한 기본방향을 제시하고, 친환경적인 녹색 도시로의 변화에 기여하고자 하였다. 지리정보시스템에 입력되는 기초 Data 중 속성정보는 대구광역시 에너지 부문(전력, 도시가스)의 2009년 연간 사용량을 가지고 IPCC 가이드라인에서 제시하고 있는 Tier 1에 대입하여 $CO_2$ 배출량을 추정하였다. 공간정보는 대구광역시 건축물 대장과 지적도를 연계하여 지번에 따라 건축물 용도별로 토지이용 분류를 실시하여 구축하였다. 에너지 부문의 $CO_2$ 배출 인벤토리 구축에 지리정보시스템을 접목함으로서 공간별 $CO_2$ 배출 규모를 파악할 수 있었으며, 토지이용에 따라 $CO_2$ 배출 현황이 각기 상이한 특성을 가지고 있다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국건설순환자원학회논문집
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 탄소배출 평가기법을 이용한 자재생산단계, 운송단계, 시공단계 뿐 아니라 보수시기 및 보수단위 탄소량을 고려하여 콘크리트 교각의 탄소배출량을 평가하였다. 혼화재료를 포함한 4가지 배합이 고려되었고 Life 365를 이용하여 염화물 침투를 평가하였으며, 이에 따른 보수횟수 및 보수시기를 설정하였다. 또한 목표내구수명동안 구조물의 피복두께를 걷어내어 재타설한 경우와 재타설 후 잔존염화물량을 제거하기 위한 전기화학적 공정의 사용유무에 따른 탄소배출량을 평가하였다. 평가결과 높은 물-결합재비를 가진 배합은 초기 시공단계에서의 탄소량은 상대적으로 적지만 보수횟수의 증가에 따라 탄소량이 증가하였으며, 탈염공법이 적용되는 경우 보수시의 단위 탄소량에 따라 전과정 탄소량이 크게 증가하였다. 보수횟수에 따라 탄소량의 증가가 발생하는데, W/B37-OPC의 경우 9번, W/B50-OPC에서는 18번, W/B40-SG에서는 4번, W/B74-SG는 7번으로 평가되었다. 더 긴 보수 불필요 기간을 가진 RC 구조물이 탄소량 감소에 유리함을 알 수 있다.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.742-749
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• 2002

Numerical Study with detailed chemistry has been conducted to investigate the flame structure and NOx formation characteristics in oxygen -enhanced(CH$_4$/O$_2$-$N_2$) and oxygen-enhanced-EGR(CH$_4$/O$_2$-$CO_2$) counter diffusion flame with various strain rates. A small amount of $N_2$is included in oxygen-enhanced-EGR combustion, in order to consider the inevitable $N_2$contamination by $O_2$production process or air infiltration. The results are as follows : In CH$_4$/O$_2$-$CO_2$flame it is very important to adopt a radiation effect precisely because the effect of radiation changes flame structure significantly. In CH$_4$/O$_2$-$N_2$flame special strategy to minimize NO emission is needed because it is very sensitive to a small amount of $N_2$. Special attention is needed on CO emission by flame quenching, because of increased CO concentration. Spatial NO production rate of oxygen-enhanced combustion is different from that of air and oxygen-enhanced-EGR combustion in that thermal mechanism plays a role of destruction as well as production. In case CH$_4$/O$_2$-$CO_2$flame contains more than 40% $CO_2$it is possible to maintain the same EINO as that of CH$_4$/Air flame with accomplishing higher temperature than that of CH$_4$/Air flame. EINO decreases with increasing strain rate, and those effects are augmented in CH$_4$/O$_2$flame.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2001년도 추계학술대회논문집B
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• pp.185-190
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• 2001

Numerical Study with detailed chemistry has been conducted to investigate the flame structure and NOx formation characteristics in oxygen-enhanced$(CH_4/O_2-N_2)$ and oxygen-enhanced-EGR$(CH_4/O_2-CO_2)$ counter diffusion flame with various strain rates. A small amount of $N_2$ is included in oxygen-enhanced-EGR combustion, in order to consider the inevitable $N_2$ contamination by $O_2$ production process or air infiltration. The results are as follows : In $CH_4/O_2-CO_2$ flame it is very important to adopt a radiation effect precisely because the effect of radiation changes flame structure significantly. In $CH_4/O_2-N_2$ flame special strategy to minimize NO emission is needed because it is very sensitive to a small amount of $N_2$. Special attention is needed on CO emission by flame quenching, because of increased CO concentration. Spatial NO production rate of oxygen-enhanced combustion is different from that of air and oxygen-enhanced-EGR combustion in that thermal mechanism plays a role of destruction as well as production. In case $CH_4/O_2-CO_2$ flame contains more than 40% $CO_2$ it is possible to maintain the same EINO as that of $CH_4/Air$ flame with accomplishing higher temperature than that of $CH_4/Air$ flame. EINO decreases with increasing strain rate, and those effects are augmented in $CH_4/O_2$ flame. Complementary study is needed with extending the range of strain rate variation.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.440-448
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• 2007

Although the anthracite power plant is an important source of greenhouse gas, research on this type of power plant has not been conducted much. The present study investigated the entire anthracite power plants in Korea and analyzed the emitted gas in connection with GC/FD and a methanizer in order to develop $CO_2$ emission factors. The study also sampled the anthracite to analyze the amount of carbon and hydrogen using an element analyzer, and to measure the calorie using an automatic calorie analyzer. The emission factors computed through the fuel analysis was 30.45 kg/GJ and that computed through the $CO_2$ gas analysis was 26.48 kg/GJ. The former is approximately about 15% higher than the latter. When compared the carbon content factors of anthracite with that of bituminous coal, the value of anthracite was 24% higher Compared with IPCC values, the emission factors by the fuel was 14% higher, and that by the emitted $CO_2$ gas was about 1.2% lower. More research is needed on our own emission factors of various energy-consuming facilities in order to stand on a higher position in international negotiations regarding the treaties on climate changes.

• 한국기후변화학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.51-61
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• 2013

우리나라는 폐기물의 에너지화를 통해 기후변화와 에너지 부족 문제를 극복하려고 하고 있으며, 폐기물을 에너지화하려는 지속적인 노력에 따라 폐기물 소각처리가 점차 확대되고 있다. 이에 따른 폐기물 소각에서의 온실가스 배출량은 점차 증가할 전망이다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 열 회수를 통해 열과 전력을 생산하는 생활폐기물 소각장을 대상시설로 선정하였다. 대상시설로 선정된 폐기물 소각발전시설에서 배출되는 온실가스 배출량을 산정하기 위한 방법을 모색하고, 온실가스 배출량 및 배출계수를 산정하였다. 대상시설에서의 $CO_2$ 배출농도는 평균 6.99%로 나타났으며, 이를 온실가스 배출량으로 산정한 결과, 총 배출량은 $254.60ton\;CO_2/day$로 나타났다. 바이오매스 소각에 의해 배출된 온실가스를 제외한 순 배출량은 $110.59ton\;CO_2/day$로 나타났다. 또한, 온실가스 배출량을 소각시설에서 생산된 열과 전력으로 구분하여 배출량을 산정한 후, 각각의 생산단위 당 온실가스 배출량으로 온실가스 배출계수를 산정하였다. 산정된 열 배출계수는 $0.047ton\;CO_2/GJ$, 전력 배출계수는 $0.652ton\;CO_2/MWh$로 나타났다. 산정된 전력 배출계수는 화석연료를 사용하는 화력발전소의 전력배출계수인 $0.783ton\;CO_2/MWh$보다 약 17% 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서 산정된 온실가스 배출량 및 배출계수에 중요한 영향을 미치는 요인으로는 폐기물 성상과 화석탄소함량으로 평가된다.