• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.129-140
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• 2014

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of replacing basic total mixed ration (TMR) with fermented soybean curd, Artemisia princeps Pampanini cv. Sajabal, and spent coffee grounds by-product on rumen microbial fermentation in vitro. Soybean in the basic TMR diet (control) was replaced by the following 9 treatments (3 replicates): maximum amounts of soybean curd (SC); fermented SC (FSC); 3, 5, and 10% FSC + fermented A. princeps Pampanini cv. Sajabal (1:1, DM basis, FSCS); and 3, 5, 10% FSC + fermented coffee meal (1:1, DM basis, FSCC) of soybean. FSC, FSCS, and FSCC were fermented using Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 496, Lactobacillus fermentum ATCC 1493, Lactobacillus plantarum KCTC 1048, and Lactobacillus casei IFO 3533. Replacing dairy cow TMR with FSC treatment led to a pH value of 6 after 8 h of incubation-the lowest value measured (p<0.05), and FSCS and FSCC treatments were higher than SC and FSC treatment after 6 h (p<0.05). Gas production was higher in response to 3% FSC and FSCC treatments than the control after 4-10 h. Dry matter digestibility was increased 0-12 h after FSC treatment (p<0.05) and was the highest after 24 h of 10% FSCS treatment. $NH_3-N$ concentration was the lowest after 24 h of FSC treatment (p<0.05). Microbial protein content increased in response to treatments that had been fermented by the Lactobacillus spp. compared to control and SC treatments (p<0.05). The total concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) was increased after 6-12 h of FSC treatment (p<0.05), while the highest acetate proportion was observed 24 h after 5% and 10% FSCS treatments. The FSC of propionate proportion was increased for 0-10 h compared with among treatments (p<0.05). The highest acetate in the propionate ration was observed after 12 h of SC treatment and the lowest with FSCS 3% treatment after 24 h. Methane ($CH_4$) emulsion was lower with A. princeps Pampanini cv. Sajabal and spent coffee grounds treatments than with the control, SC, and FSC treatments. These experiments were designed to replace the by-products of dairy cow TMR with SC, FSC, FSCS, and FSCC to improve TMR quality. Condensed tannins contained in FSCS and FSCC treatments, which reduced $CH_4$ emulsion in vitro, decreased rumen microbial fermentation during the early incubation time. Therefore, future experiments are required to develop a rumen continuous culture system and an in vivo test to optimize the percentages of FSC, FSCS, and FSCC in the TMR diet of the dairy cows.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.64 no.4
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• pp.603-620
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• 2022

Human activities have caused an increase in greenhouse gas emissions, resulting in climate change that affects many factors of human life including its effect on water and food quality in certain areas with implications for human health. CH₄ and N₂O are known as potent non-CO₂ GHGs. The livestock industry contributes to direct emissions of CH₄ (38.24%) and N₂O (6.70%) through enteric fermentation and manure treatment, as well as indirect N₂O emissions via NH₃ volatilization. NH₃ is also a secondary precursor of particulate matter. Several approaches have been proposed to address this issue, including dietary management, manure treatment, and the possibility of inhibitor usage. Inhibitors, including urease and nitrification inhibitors, are widely used in agricultural fields. The use of urease and nitrification inhibitors is known to be effective in reducing nitrogen loss from agricultural soil in the form of NH₃ and N₂O and can further reduce CH₄ as a side effect. However, the effectiveness of inhibitors in livestock manure systems has not yet been explored. This review discusses the potential of inhibitor usage, specifically of N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide, dicyandiamide, and 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate, to reduce emissions from livestock manure. This review focuses on the application of inhibitors to manure, as well as the association of these inhibitors with health, toxicity, and economic benefits.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.15 no.9
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• pp.897-905
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• 2006

This study has been conducted to investigate biodegradation characteristics and optimum mixing ratio for co-digestion with thermophilic acid-fermented food waste and sewage sludge using batch anaerobic digester. As the basis operating conditions for anaerobic digestion, the reaction temperature was controlled $35{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ and stirrer was set 70rpm. Thermophilic acid-fermented food waste and sewage sludge were mixed at the ratio of 10:0, 7:3, 5:5, 3:7, 0:10 and 5;5(food waste : sewage sludge) as the influent substrates. In results of co-digestion according to mixing ratio of thermophilic fermented food wastes and sewage sludge in batch mesophilic anaerobic digestion reactor, $385mL\;CH_4/g\;VS_{added}$ of methane production rate at 1:1 mixing ratio was more than that of any other mixing ratios. Compared with $293mL\;CH_4/g\;VS_{added}$ of methane production rate at 1:1 mixing ratio of food wastes and sewage sludge, pretreatment of food wastes by thermophilic acid fermentation was more effective in co-digestion with sewage sludge.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.10
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• pp.1442-1448
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• 2015

The objectives of this study were to determine the molecular weight of condensed tannins (CT) extracted from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L) peel, its protein binding affinity and effects on fermentation parameters including total gas, methane ($CH_4$) and volatile fatty acids (VFA) production. The average molecular weight ($M_w$) of the purified CT was 2,081 Da with a protein binding affinity of 0.69 (the amount needed to bind half the maximum bovine serum albumin). In vitro gas production declined by 0.409, 0.121, and 0.311, respectively, while CH4 production decreased by 0.211, 0.353, and 0.549, respectively, with addition of 10, 20, and 30 mg CT/500 mg dry matter (DM) compared to the control (p<0.05). The effects of CT from mangosteen-peel on in vitro DM degradability (IVDMD) and in vitro N degradability was negative and linear (p<0.01). Total VFA, concentrations of acetic, propionic, butyric and isovaleric acids decreased linearly with increasing amount of CT. The aforementioned results show that protein binding affinity of CT from mangosteen-peel is lower than those reported for Leucaena forages, however, the former has stronger negative effect on IVDMD. Therefore, the use of mangosteen-peel as protein source and $CH_4$ mitigating agent in ruminant feed requires further investigations.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.104-111
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• 1998

The utilization of food garbage as composting was investigated by using the batch reactor and by varying the initial temperature of the fermentation reactors. As the straw controlled under 50 to 55% of moisture content and mixed 5% of EM(Effective Micro-organisms) microbial agent. An agitator continuously operated 1 rpm, supplying the amount of air(2l/kg.min). Reactor temperature changed three type of 40$\circ$C, 50$\circ$C, 60$\circ$C. In the case of 50$\circ$C operated 72 hr after organic contents showed lowest 48%, and weight reduction rate of showed 77%. The reaction gas was showed 30 min after 19. 9% of the lowest level at 20.9% concentration of oxygen and CO$_2$ gas was produced 0.9% due to organic disintegration on initial react time. NH$_4$, H$_2$ and CH$_4$ gas concentration showed 589 ppm lhr after, 83 ppm and 0.3%, but 8hr after gas product was complete. As using the straw of bulking agent, the Reduction by disintegration should be more effectively than composting.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.311-320
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• 1994

This study was conducted to investigate the biochemical properties of isolated bacteria, low temperature tolerant methane-producing clostridia which were selected for using them as inoculum to anaerobic fermentation of agricultural and livestock wastes at low temperature. The results were; 1. Low temperature tolerant methane-producing clostridia were isolated from the samples which showed the high methanogenesis rate by enrichment culture at low temperature in cellulose medium. These clostridia, Clostridium botulinum SRC-64, Clostridium scatologens SRC-91 and Clostridium tyrobutyricum SRC-100, were isolated from swampy sediment at latitude $56.9^{\circ}N$, lake sediment IV at latitude $55.0^{\circ}N$, and tidal land soil II at latitude $37.0^{\circ}N$, respectively. The optimum growth temperature for these isolates was $37^{\circ}C$ and the minimum, around $10^{\circ}C$. They all had detectable amount of $F_{420}$, specific coenzyme of methanogens. 2. As anaerobic fermentation products of glucose SRC-64 produced $H_2$, acetic, isovaleric and caproic acid, SRC-91 produced $H_2$, propionic, butyric, valeric, and caproic acid, and SRC-100 produced only acetic and propionic acid. The isolates were produced $CH_4$ ranged from 2.6 to 8.68 n moles/ml for 2 days at $13^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.361-368
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate the influence of artificial zeolite on the change of temperature, gas emission, water content and chemical properties during the composting process with the mixture of animal feces, broken bark and extruded rice hull. Artificial zeolite was added 0, 0.5, 1, 3 and 5% volume of the raw composting material, and proceeded 1.2m every day with mobile stacking escalator. Temperature was increased, and water content was decreased in the composting pile by addition of artificial zeolite. This caused to accelerate decomposition of organic matter during composting. $NH_3$ was emitted the highest at 6th day after stacking, then decreased gradually. And addition of artificial zeolite caused to decrease greatly in $NH_3$ emission from composting pile. As result of this, content of nitrogen in the compost was increased by addition of artificial zeolite. Emission of $CH_4$ was the highest at early stacking stage, and that was decreased drastically at 8th day. Emission of $CH_4$ was also decreased greatly by addition of artificial zeolite at 5th days after stacking. It may be resulted from adsorption of $CH_4$ into the molecular sieve structure of artificial zeolite and low water content by high temperature fermentation.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.167-174
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• 1998

It is known that the anaerobic fermentation of organic matter (OM) is divided into 2 phases, acidogenic phase in which OM is digested into volatile fatty acid (VFA), and methanogenic phase where the produced VFA is converted to CH4 and CO2. In a natural fermenting procedure, these 2 phases occur at the same time. However the total production of end products (methane) may be limited if these 2 phases occur at the same time. This is believed to be due to the difference in growth rate, substrate-utilizing efficiency and favorable environment for each microbes (acidogens and methanogens), involved in each phase. It is therefore suggested for the maximum recycling of organic waste (such as animal waste) through providing 2 different steps in fermenting procedure, acidogenic phase and methanogenic phase, in each case the activity of involved microbes can be maintained at the maximum level. The results obtained from these experiments are summarized as follows : The loading rates of swine waste were made through 2.5, 5 and 10 gVS / l / d to identify its acidogenic fermenting character in this study. The VFA yield was maximized at 10 gVS / l / d of loading rate. On the basis of this study was executed to identify the optimum HRT of 1, 2 and 4 days at 10 gVS / l / d of loading rate in acidogenic phase. The maximum VFA yield was obtained at 1 days of HRT.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.62 no.1
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• pp.31-42
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• 2020

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 3-nitrooxypropanol (NOP) on gas production, rumen fermentation, and animal performances depending on animal type using a meta-analysis approach. A database consisted of data from 14 studies, 18 experiments and 55 treatments. The supplementation of NOP linearly decreased methane (CH₄) emissions [g/kg dry matter intake (DMI)] regardless of animal type and length of experimental period (beef, p < 0.0001, R² = 0.797; dairy, p = 0.0003, R² = 0.916; and long term, p < 0.0001, R² = 0.910). The total volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration and the proportion of acetate, based on beef cattle database, were significantly decreased with increasing NOP supplementation (p = 0.0015, R² = 0.804 and p = 0.0003, R² = 0.918), whereas other individual VFAs was increased. Based on the dairy database, increasing levels of NOP supplementation linearly decreased proportion of acetate (p = 0.0284, R² = 0.769) and increased that of valerate (p = 0.0340, R² = 0.522), regardless of significant change on other individual VFAs. In animal performances, the DMI, from beef cattle database, tended to decrease when the levels of NOP supplementation increased (p = 0.0574, R² = 0.170), whereas there was no significant change on DMI from dairy cattle database. The NOP supplementation tended to decrease milk yield (p = 0.0606, R² = 0.381) and increase milk fat and milk protein (p = 0.0861, R² = 0.321, p = 0.0838, R² = 0.322). NOP is a viable candidate as a feed additive because of its CH₄ mitigation effects, regardless of animal type and experiment period, without adverse effects on animal performances.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.856-863
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• 2013

An in vitro gas production technique was used in this study to elucidate the effect of two strains of active live yeast on methane ($CH_4$) production in the large intestinal content of pigs to provide an insight to whether active live yeast could suppress $CH_4$ production in the hindgut of pigs. Treatments used in this study include blank (no substrate and no live yeast cells), control (no live yeast cells) and yeast (YST) supplementation groups (supplemented with live yeast cells, YST1 or YST2). The yeast cultures contained $1.8{\times}10^{10}$ cells per g, which were added at the rates of 0.2 mg and 0.4 mg per ml of the fermented inoculum. Large intestinal contents were collected from 2 Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire pigs, mixed with a phosphate buffer (1:2), and incubated anaerobically at $39^{\circ}C$ for 24 h using 500 mg substrate (dry matter (DM) basis). Total gas and $CH_4$ production decreased (p<0.05) with supplementation of yeast. The methane production reduction potential (MRP) was calculated by assuming net methane concentration for the control as 100%. The MRP of yeast 2 was more than 25%. Compared with the control group, in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration increased (p<0.05) in 0.4 mg/ml YST1 and 0.2 mg/ml YST2 supplementation groups. Proportion of propionate, butyrate and valerate increased (p<0.05), but that of acetate decreased (p<0.05), which led to a decreased (p<0.05) acetate: propionate (A: P) ratio in the both YST2 treatments and the 0.4 mg/ml YST 1 supplementation groups. Hydrogen recovery decreased (p<0.05) with yeast supplementation. Quantity of methanogenic archaea per milliliter of inoculum decreased (p<0.05) with yeast supplementation after 24 h of incubation. Our results suggest that live yeast cells suppressed in vitro $CH_4$ production when inoculated into the large intestinal contents of pigs and shifted the fermentation pattern to favor propionate production together with an increased population of acetogenic bacteria, both of which serve as a competitive pathway for the available H2 resulting in the reduction of methanogenic archaea.