• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.72-77
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• 2012

Phase Contrast MR Angiography(PC MRA) is excellent MRA technique for measuring the velocity of vessels in the human body. PC MRA need to at least four images for angiogram reconstruction and it caused longer scan time. Therefore, we used keyhole imaging combined PC MRA to reduce the scan time. However, keyhole imaging can lead the erroneous effects as loss of phase information or frequency discontinuous. In this study, we applied the keyhole imaging combined 2D PC MRA for improving the temporal resolution and also measured the velocity to evaluate the accuracy of phase information. We used 0.32T MRI scanner(Magfinder II, Scimedix, Korea). Using the 2D PC MRA pulse sequence, the vascular images for a human brain targeted on the Superior Sagittal Sinus(SSS) were obtained. We applied tukey window function for keyhole images to minimize the ringing artifact and erroneous factors that are induced frequency discontinuous and phase information loss. We also applied zero-padded algorithm to peripheral missing k-space lines to compare keyhole imaging results and the artifact power(AP) value was measured on the complex difference images to validate the image quality. Consider as based on our results, heavy image distortions and artifacts were shown until using at least 50% keyhole factor. Using above the 50% keyhole factors are shown well reconstructed and matched for magnitude images and velocity information measurements. In conclusion, we confirmed the image quality and velocity information of keyhole technique combined 2D PC MRA. Especially, measured velocity information through the keyhole imaging combination was similar to the velocity information of full sampled k-space image despite of frequency discontinuous and phase information loss in the keyhole imaging reconstruction process. Consequently, the keyhole imaging combined 2D PC MRA will give some clinical usefulness and advantages as improving the temporal resolution and measuring the velocity information via selecting the appropriate keyhole factor at low tesla MRI system.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.157-169
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• 1993

The most effective modality for cold application and the length of the application have not been determined despite many studies about the use of cold. A quasi-experimental study was conducted to examine the most effective modality among three methods of cold application, the most effective length of time for the application and the continuing effect after each type of cold application. Thirty adult patients admitted to medical and neurosurgical unit and with high fever (above 38.2 ℃) were assigned randomly to each of three cold ap-plication methods : (a) ice bag: (b) cold compress; and (c) tepid water sponge bath. Each method was applied to the whole anterior surface except the face and neck with the patient in the supine pos-ition. Rectal temperatures and skin temperatures (mid chest, upper arm, thigh and leg) were measured be-fore each application and every 10 minutes during ,each application for a period of 60 minutes. They were also measured every 10 minutes for 30 minutes after each cold application was finished. The experiments were carried out from Dec. 22. 1992 through Feb. 26, 1993. The data were analysed using means, ANCOVA Sheffe test and Pearson's Correlation Coefficient. The results of this study are as follows : 1. There were no significant differences among the three cold application methods in the reduction of body temperature, 2. Among the ice bag, cold compress and tepid water sponge bath groups, the ice bag proved to be the most effective method for lowering skin temperature while the cold compress was least effective. 3. Both rectal and skin temperature continued to decrease during the 60 minutes of cold application, but the hunting phenomena was not observed at any of the cold application sites. 4. There were no significant correlations between mean rectal and skin temperatures. 5. Skin temperatures according to the cold application sites decreased to a range of 3.46℃ to 5.20℃ (mid chest), a range of 4.48℃ 4.96℃ (upper arm), a range of 3.86℃ to 5.05℃ (thigh), and a range of 5.42℃ -7.12℃ (leg ). 6. In continuing effect after the cold applications were finished, rectal temperatures according to ice bag, cold compress and tepid sponge bath decreased to 0.29℃, 0.23℃ and 0.09℃ respectively, while the mean skin temperatures increased to 2.39℃ , 2.04℃ and 2.22℃ respectively. In this experiment the ice bag was the most effective modality for lowering skin temperature. when-ever cold is applied for systemic effect, the continuing effect of cold should be considered. The determination of the most effective length of time for cold application needs further study.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.169-174
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• 2004

양돈분뇨 발효액비를 이용하여 양액재배용 액상비료로의 전환을 위한 양액재배(수경재배) 를 수행한 결과, 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 발효액비(FLM)의 비효영양염류의 농도는 N, P, K가 각각 5,600, 98, 3,000mg/$\iota$ 정도로 저 인산의 액상물이며, pH, EC는 각각 8.75, 22.0 mS / cm 이었다. 2. 발효액비의 유해성을 검토하기 위하여 100배 희석액을 이용하여 발아실험을 한 결과, 수도수(control)보다 $125\%$의 높은 발아지수(G$\cdot$I)를 나타내어 무해함을 밝혔다. 3. 100배 희석한 발효액비를 기준으로 각각 인산염과 카리를 첨가한 FLM-2, FLM-3를 이용하여 상추 수경재배를 실시한 결과, N, P, K 모두 높은 FLM-3에서 옆장, 옆폭, 엽수, 건물중 모두 높은 성장률을 보여주었다. 이는 발효액비의 이용 시 단순이용보다는 부족분의 첨가가 전제되어야함을 보여주고 있는 것이다. 4. 발효액비의 이용 시 양액의 pH, EC의 변화는 수량 등 식물영양생리에 장해요인으로 작용할 것으로 사료되어 졌으나 약산성의 pH 유지 및 EC 2.0mS/cm 이하의 유지 등 양액재배에 따른 작물의 피해는 없는 것으로 사료되어, 적정희석만 유지되어 질 경우 양액으로서의 이용 가능성은 충분한 것으로 사료되어진다. 향후, 발효액비의 다양한 이용을 위해서는 영양염류의 흡수특성 및 최적 영양염류의 비율 등 작물영양생리학적 검토가 추가적으로 연구되어져야 할 것이다.

• 천문학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.31-43
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• 1995

We present UBVRI CCD photometry of the Type Ie supernova SN 19941 in M51 which was discovered on April 2, 1994 (UT). UBVRI CCD photometry of SN 1994 I were obtained for the period of the first two months from April 4, 1994, using the Seoul National University Observatory 60 cm telescope. The light curves of SN 19941 show several interesting features: (a) SN 19941 reaches the maximum brightness at B-band on April 8.23 (B = 13.68 mag), at V-band on April 9.10 (V = 12.89 mag), and at I-band on April 10.32 (I = 12.48 mag); (b) The light curves around the maximum brightness are much narrower than those of other types of supernovae; (c) The light curves after the peak decline more steeply than those of other types of supernovae; and (d) The colors get redder from $(V-R){\approx}0.2 mag ((V - I){\approx} 0.3 mag, (B - V){\approx}0.7 mag)$ on April 4 to $(V-R){\approx}0.6 mag ((V-1){\approx}0.9 mag, (B-V){\approx}1.3 mag)$ on April 18. Afterwards (V - R) colors get bluer slightly $(by\~0.005 mag/day)$, while (V-I) colors stay almost constant around $(V-1){\approx}1.0 mag$. The color at the maximum brightness is (B-V)=0.9 mag, which is $\~1$mag redder than the mean color of typical Type la supernovae at the maximum brightness. The light curves of SN 1994I are similar to those of the Type Ie supernova SN 1962L in NGC 1073. Adopting the distance modulus of $(m-M)_0 = 29.2 mag$ and the reddening of E(B - V) = 0.45 mag [Iwamoto et al. 1994, preprint for ApJ], we derive absolute magnitudes at the maximum brightness of SN 1994I, Mv(max) = -17.7 mag and MB(max) = -17.4 mag. This result shows that SN 1994I was $\~2$mag fainter at the maximum brightness compared with typical Type Ia supernovae. A narrower peak and faster decline after the maximum in the light curve of SN 1994I compared with other types of supernovae indicate that the progenitor of SN 1994I might be a lower mass star compared with those of other types of supernovae.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.698-703
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• 1996

무경운답에서 벼 어린모 기계이앙재배에 알맞는 질소 시비방법을 구명하고자 호남농업시험장 수도포장인 전북통의 3년차 무경운 재배답에서 동진벼를 공시하고 질소 시비방법을 달리하여 시험 한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 엽색은 분얼성기에는 관행 시비방법에 비하여 기비 중점 시비에서 짙었고 20% 감비구에서 옅었으며, 경단이 무경운보다 길었고, 유덕형 성기 이후에는 시비 방법간에 별 차이 없이 경기보다 무경운에서 짙었다. 2. 생육 초기에는 관행 시비방법보다 기비중점 시비에서, 무경운보다 경운에서 잔수, 엽면적 및 건물중이 많았으나 출수기에는 10일 늦게 분얼비를 시비한 처리에서 많았고 기비중점 시비에서 적었다 3. 개체군 생장속도는 관행 시비방법보다 10일 늦게 분얼비를 시비한 처리에서 켰으며, 생육 초기에는 경단이 무경운보다 켰으나 생육 후기에는 경운이 무경운보다 적었다. 4. 유효경비률은 20% 감비구에서만 관행 시비방법보다 높았고, 경운보다 무경운에서 높았으며, 출수후 20일간의 엽 노화률은 실비 무시용구가 시용구보다 높았다. 5. 단위면적당 수수와 입수는 10일 늦게 분얼비를 시비한 처리가 관행시 비보다 많았고 경운 방법간에는 별 차이가 없었다. 6. 수량은 관행 시비방법보다 10일 늦은 분얼비 시비가 많았고, 기비증점 시비와 20% 감비에서 적었으며, 동일 시비방법의 경운 방법간에는 별 차이가 없었다.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.171-180
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• 2011

목 적: 고지방식이를 섭취한 흰쥐에서 식이 유발인자인 NPY와 장내 운동 조절인자인 Cajal 간질세포의 변화를 관찰하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 동일 연령의 Sprague-Dawley계 수컷 흰쥐를 임의로 대조군(7마리)과 고지방식이군(7마리)으로 분리한 후, 대조군에는 일반 흰쥐 사료를 충분히 섭취시켰으며, 고지방식이군에게는 60% kcal 지방이 포함된 사료(중앙실험동물센터)를 6주 동안 물과 함께 충분히 섭취하도록 하였다. 6주 후 시상하부 조직 절편에 rabbit polyclonal NPY (1 : 1000, Abcam)항체를 반응시키고, 소장의 조직 절편에 rabbit polyclonal c-kit (1 : 400, Neuromics)항체를 반응시켜서 면역조직화학 검사를 시행하였다. 결 과: 고지방식이군의 시상하부에서 NPY의 면역 반응성이 강하게 나타났으며, 특히 PVN에서 NPY의 면역 반응 세포수의 증가를 관찰할 수 있었다. 고지방식이군에서 소장의 Auerbach's plexus 부위의 Cajal 간질 세포의 면역 반응성이 떨어졌으며, 환상근과 종주근 내 Cajal 간질 세포 수도 현저히 감소하였다. 결 론: 고지방식이를 섭취한 흰쥐에서 시상하부 NPY 면역반응 신경세포수와 발현의 증가는 NPY의 저항성과 관련되며, 소장에서 Cajal 간질 세포의 감소는 장운동의 이상을 초래할 수 있음을 나타낸다.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.17-21
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• 2010

Objectives : The aim of this study was to evaluate the differential mechnism of vasodilation of alcohol steamed Rhei Tangutici Radix et Rhizoma. (ART) and Rhei Tangutici Radix et Rhizoma. (RT) in rat thoracic aorta. Methods : Rat aortic ring preparations were mounted in organ baths with oxygenated (95% $O_2$-5% $CO_2$) Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solutions at $37{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$ and subjected to contractions or relaxations. Results : ART exerted vasorelaxation on phenylephrine(PE)-induced contraction in a dose dependent manner. Vasorelaxation effects of ART and RT were endothelium-independent. In the $Ca^{2+}$-free high KCl (60 mM) baths, the contraction of aortic rings induced by accumulative addition of $Ca^{2+}$ (0.3-10.0 mM) was significantly reduced by pre-treatment with both ART and RT for 10 min. The magnitude of vasodilatation was biggerin ART. Moreover, verapamil ($0.001{\mu}M$) and diltiazem ($10{\mu}M$), voltage operative $Ca^{2+}$channel blockers, attenuated the relaxation effect of ART but not that of RT. In the absence of extracellular $Ca^{2+}$, pre-incubation of the aortic rings with RT ($1.0mg/m{\ell}$) significantly reduced the contraction caused by PE but not that of ART. $K^+$ channel inhibitors such as glibenclamide (Gli, $10^{-5}M$), tetraethylammonium (TEA, 1 mM) and 4-aminopyridine (4-AP, 0.2 mM) significantly reduced the ART's vasorelaxation efficacy, but not that of RT. However, the relaxation effects of ART and RT were not inhibited by pre-treatment with indomethacin ($10^{-5}M$), and atropine ($10^{-6}M$). Conclusions : These results suggest that the endothelium-independent relaxation is due to inhibition of $Ca^{2+}$ influx via the suppression of $Ca^{2+}$ release from intracelluar store in RT but via both voltage operative $Ca^{2+}$channel blockage and $K^+$ channel activation in ART.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.118-128
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• 2001

본 연구에서는 치경부의 심미수복에 이용되고 있는 7종의 재료를 시험재료로 선택한 다음 잇솔질이 이들 수복재료의 마모도에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위해 전동식 마모시험기를 이용하여 잇솔질 하중 2.0N으로 100,000회의 잇솔질을 시행한 다음 각 시편의 평균 두께 감소와 표면조도를 측정하였고, 표면경도가 연마성 마모에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위해 누프 경도를 측정한 결과, 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 누프 경도값은 F2000 군에서 79.7로 가장 높고 Heliomolar 군에서 20.0으로 가장 낮은 값을 보였으며, Tukey 다중범위검증법에 의해서 각 군 사이의 통계적 유의성을 검증한 결과 Compoglass 군과 Dyract AP 군을 제외 한 모든 군들 사이에서 상호간에 유의 한 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). 2. 표면조도는 Improved Fuji II LC 군에서 가장 높고 UniFil F군에서 가장 낮게 나타났으며, Tukey 다중범위검증법에 의해서 각 군사이의 통계적 유의성을 검증한 결과, Improved Fuji II LC군, F2000 군과 UniFil F군 사이에서만 상호간에 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). 3. 표면조도와 마모도는 치약으로 유치용의 겔 형 페이스트인 Tom & Jerry를 사용한 경우보다 성인용의 페이스트인 Perio $A^+$를 사용한 경우에 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 4. 연마면에서는 기질레진의 선택적인 마모에 의한 필러의 돌출로 인해 표면조도가 증가된 양상이 관찰되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.587-594
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• 2000

At present embryonic stem (ES) cells with confirmed pluripotential properties are only available in the mouse. Recently, we were able to isolate, culture and genetically transform primordial germ cell (PGC)-derived cells from pig embryos and demonstrate their ability to contribute to chimera development in the pig. In order to determine whether the system we developed could be used to isolate embryonic germ (EG) cells from other mammalian species, we placed isolated PGCs from cattle, goats, rabbits and rats in culture. Briefly, PGCs were isolated from fetuses of cow (day 30-50), goat (day 25), rabbit (day 15-18) and rat (day 11-12), and plated on STO feeder cells in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM): Ham's F10 medium (1:1) supplemented with 0.01 mM nonessential amino acids, 2 mM L-glutamine, 0.1 mM $\beta$ - mercaptoethnol, soluble recombinant human stem cell factor (SCF; 40ng/ml), human basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF; 20ng/ml) and human leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF; 20ng/ml). For maintenance of the cells, colonies were passed to fresh feeders every 7-10 days. In all species tested, we were able to obtain and maintain colonies with ES-like morphology. Their developmental potential was tested by alkaline phosphatase (AP) staining and in vitro differentiation assay. For genetic transformation, cells were electroporated with a construct containing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter. GFP-expressing colonies were detected in cattle, rabbits and rats. These results suggest that PGC-derived cells from cattle, goats, rabbits and rats can be isolated, cultured, and genetically transformed, and provide the basis for analyzing their developmental potential and their possible use for the precise genetic modification of these species.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권18호
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• pp.7589-7595
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• 2014

Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APEX1) is a multifunctional protein which plays a central role in the BER pathway. APEX1 gene being highly polymorphic in cancer patients and has been indicated to have a contributive role in Apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site accumulation in DNA and consequently an increased risk of cancer development. In this case-control study, all exons of the APEX1 gene and its exon/intron boundaries were amplified in 530 breast cancer patients and 395 matched healthy controls and then analyzed by single-stranded conformational polymorphism followed by sequencing. Sequence analysis revealed fourteen heterozygous mutations, seven 5'UTR, one 3'UTR, two intronic and four missense. Among identified mutations one 5'UTR (rs41561214), one 3'UTR (rs17112002) and one missense mutation (Ser129Arg, Mahjabeen et al., 2013) had already been reported while the remaining eleven mutations. Six novel mutations (g.20923366T>G, g.20923435G>A, g.20923462G>A, g.20923516G>A, 20923539G>A, g.20923529C>T) were observed in 5'UTR region, two (g.20923585T>G, g.20923589T>G) in intron1 and three missense (Glu101Lys, Ala121Pro, Ser123Trp) in exon 4. Frequencues of 5'UTR mutations; g.20923366T>G, g.20923435G>A and 3'UTR (rs17112002) were calculated as 0.13, 0.1 and 0.1 respectively. Whereas, the frequency of missense mutations Glu101Lys, Ser123Trp and Ser129Arg was calculated as 0.05. A significant association was observed between APEX1 mutations and increased breast cancer by ~9 fold (OR=8.68, 95%CI=2.64 to 28.5) with g.20923435G>A (5'UTR), ~13 fold (OR= 12.6, 95%CI=3.01 to 53.0) with g.20923539G>A (5'UTR) and~5 fold increase with three missense mutations [Glu101Lys (OR=4.82, 95%CI=1.97 to 11.80), Ser123Trp (OR=4.62, 95%CI=1.7 to 12.19), Ser129Arg (OR=4.86, 95%CI=1.43 to 16.53)]. The incidence of observed mutations was found higher in patients with family history and with early menopause. In conclusion, our study demonstrates a significant association between germ line APEX1 mutations and breast cancer patients in the Pakistani population.