• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.169-184
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• 2007

Objetives The late research tendency on atopic dermatitis is mainly focused on the experiment of unbalance of cytokine released from T cell subtype. Merhods As there's no experiment with herbal medicine using Hanghaedan(HHD), we isolated and cultured monocytes of atopic dermatitis pateints (AD) peripheral blood, for knowing the influence of HHD on the secretory function of IL-4, IL-5, $IFN-{\gamma}$. Results 1. In AD group, HHD exhibits statistically significant inhibitory effect on IL-4(p<0.05). 2. In AD group, HHD exhibits statistically significant inhibitory effect on IL-5(p<0.05). 3. In AD group, HHD exhibits statistically significant inhibitory effect on $IFN-{\gamma}$ (p<0.01). 4. Sample group comparing with the cytokine concentration rate value of AD patients and that of NAD patients IL-4 of AD patients exhibits statistically significant decrease(p<0.05). 5. In AD group, there is no significant relation between serum IgE and cytokines. 6. In AD group, there is no significant relation between total eosinophil and IL-5. Conclusions Effects of Hanghaedan on the cytokine(IL-4, IL-5, $IFN-{\gamma}$) secretory function of monocytes of atopic dermatitis patients is recognized.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.501-509
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• 2022

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder. Suppression of MAPKs and NF-κB is implicated as a vital mechanism of action of several traditional Chinese medicines for AD therapy. Although overexpression of MAPK mRNA in the skin tissue has been shown in the AD model, the roles of each MAPK in AD pathogenesis have rarely been studied. This study examined the effect of NJK14047, an inhibitor of p38 MAPKs, on AD-like skin lesions induced in BALB/c mice by sensitization and challenges with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) on dorsal skin and ears, respectively. After induction of AD, NJK14047 (2.5 mg/kg) or dexamethasone (10 mg/kg) was administrated for 3 weeks via intraperitoneal injection. Following its administration, NJK14047 suppressed CDNB-induced AD-like symptoms such as skin hypertrophy and suppressed mast cell infiltration into the skin lesions. It also reduced CDNB-induced increase in T_H2 cytokine (IL-13) and T_H1 cytokines (interferon-γ and IL-12A) levels but did not decrease serum IgE level. Furthermore, NJK14047 blocked CDNB-induced lymph node enlargement. These results suggest that NJK14047, a p38 MAPK inhibitor, might be an optimal therapeutic option with unique modes of action for AD treatment.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.38 no.7
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• pp.521-532
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• 2005

The prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AD) continues to rise in industrialized countries related to Western lifestyle, including dietary habits, especially imbalance of intake of dietary fatty acids. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the dietary fatty acids and the assess the blood fatty acid composition and immune parameters in AD patients. AD (n = 50) patients and gender ${\cdot}$ age matched healthy controls (HC) were studied in case-control clinical trail. Current fatty acids intake status was determined by 3-day food record method. Blood sample were collected from 30 subjects in each group and blood fatty acid composition and immune parameters were analysed. AD patients consumed less PUFA and their n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio was higher than that of HC. Both the ratios of PUFA and MUFA were positively correlated with SCORAD in AD patients (p < 0.05). In the AD patients, there were abnormalities in the fatty acid composition of the RBC and WBC, SFA being significantly high and most n-3 PUFA being significantly low. Moreover, both the ratios of EPA and DHA in WBC were negatively correlated with dietary n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in AD patients (p < 0.05). Serum total IgE and IL-4 levels of AD patients increased significantly compared with the levels of HC (p < 0.01). Ratios of monocyte and eosinophil in WBC of AD patients increased significantly compared with the levels of HC including total WBC count (p < 0.01), and ratios of Iymphocyte and basophil in WBC of AD patients decreased significantly compared with the levels of HC (p < 0.05). Moreover, the ratios of eosinophil in WBC were positively correlated with dietary P/M ratio (p < 0.05), and the ratios of monocyte in WBC were positively correlated with n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio (p < 0.05) in AD patients. This results indicated that AD patients had significantly high intake of dietary n-6/n-3 PUFA compared with HC. Imbalance of intake of dietary fatty acids affected fatty acid compositions in the RBC and WBC, and these lead to immune imbalance and grow worse of AD.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.111-116
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• 2018

The environmental impacts of a 1 kW polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system are quantitatively assessed by performing a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) study. A PEMFC system produces electricity and heat simultaneously, so an appropriate allocation of associated inputs and outputs is performed between the electricity and heat produced. The environmental impacts of the PEMFC system on the impact categories such as global warming (GW), abiotic depletion (AD), acidification (AC), and eutrophication (EU) are assessed from the life cycle impact assessment. The impact indicator results of the impact assessment on these impact categories are obtained as $3.70E-01kg\;CO_2\;eq./kWh$, 1.86E-03 kg Sb eq./kWh, $4.09E-04kg\;SO_2\;eq./kWh$, and $1.88E-05kg\;PO_4{^{3-}}/kWh$, respectively. For all impact categories studied the most influential stage is the operation stage, which accounts for 98.8%, 98.7%, 70.3%, and 62.3% of the total impact on GW, AD, AC, and EU, respectively. For the impact categories of AD, AC, and EU, most of the environmental impacts during the operation stage is attributed to the production of city gas. However, for the impact category of GW, $CO_2$ emission from the reforming process of city gas is the main reason for the largest contribution of the operation stage to the total impact results.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.271-278
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• 2010

The appearance of Asian Dust (AD) originating from China and Mongolia during spring each year is a meteorological phenomenon periodically observed in extensive regions of East Asia. According to a previous epidemiological study, AD has adverse effects on both human beings and ecosystems. In this study, we collected total suspension particles (TSP) in the AD period and Non-AD (NAD) period. We extracted organic components from TSP using dichloromethane (DCM), and the polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed. The DCM extracts contained PAHs such as benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo[g,h,i]perylene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, and pyrene. No significant difference was observed in cytotoxicity of the DCM extracts from AD versus NAD when tested on the human bronchial epithelial cells, BEAS-2B. e also examined the toxic mechanisms of AD extracts in cultured BEAS-2B cells and RAW264.7 cells, and in BEAS-2B cells observed increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), decreased glutathione (GSH), and induced caspase-3 activity. Increased expression of oxidative stress-related and inflammation- related genes were also observed in BEAS-2B cells, while nitric oxide (NO) levels were increased in RAW264.7 cells. Taken together, the results suggest that in these cultured cells, AD may induce cytotoxicity through oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory signals.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.159-164
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• 2012

Allergic skin inflammation such as atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized by edema and infiltration with various inflammatory cells such as mast cells, basophils, eosinophils and T cells. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is produced mainly by epidermal keratinocytes, as well as dermal fibroblasts and mast cells in the skin lesions of AD. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish oil can reduce inflammation in allergic patients. Fermentation has a tremendous capacity to transform chemical structures. The antiinflammatory effects of fish oil have been described in many diseases, but the beneficial effects by which fermented olive flounder oil (FOF) modulates the allergic response is poorly understood. In this study, we produced FOF and tested its ability to suppress the various allergic inflammatory responses. The ability of FOF to modulate the immune system was investigated using a mouse model of AD. The FOF-treated group showed significantly decreased immunoglobulin E (IgE) and histamine in serum. Also, the increased TSLP expression was significantly inhibited in the FOF group; the FOF-treated group was not appreciably different from the hydrocort cream treatment group. In addition, FOF treatment resulted in a smaller spleen size with reduced the thickness and length compared to the induction group. Splenocytes from mice treated with FOF produced significantly less IFN-${\gamma}$, IL-4, T-box transcription factor (T-bet) and GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3) expression compared with the induction group. These results suggest that FOF may be effective in treating the allergic symptoms of AD. 5.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.232-239
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• 2008

The aim of this study was to evaluate if a composition of herb extracts, PLX-PLS was effective to treat atopic dermatitis (AD) in mice. SPZZC is a composition of herb extracts containing the roots of Scopolia parviflora and Paeonia lactiflora, the herb of Zizania caudiflora, the fruit of Ziziphus jujuba and the leaf of Chinese arborvitae. AD in BALB/c mouse was induced by patching ovoalbumin on the backside, while it in NC/Nga mouse was induced by repeated application of 1-chloro 2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB). Mice were topically treated with SPZZC or Domohorn ointment on the backside for 2 weeks (BALB/c) or 1 week (NC/Nga). Scratching behavior, clinical skin severity and the levels of WBC, neutrophil, eosinophil and total serum IgE were measured. After AD induction, scores of scratching behavior and clinical skin severity and the levels of WBC, neutrophil, eosinophil and total serum IgE were increased. Treatment with SPZZC significantly decreased scores of scratching behavior and clinical skin severity in a dose dependent manner in NC/Nga and BALB/c mice. Treatment with SPZZC 2% significantly decreased also the levels of WBC, neutrophil, eosinophil and total serum IgE. Especially, treatment of SPZZC 2% reduced more rapidly score of clinical skin severity than clobetasol cream. These results suggest that the SPZZC may be an alternative substance for the management of AD.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.67-76
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• 2023

Under constant environmental pollution, the incidence of Atopic Dermatitis (AD) caused by air pollutants and allergens has increased. AD is an allergy inflammatory skin disease characterized by pruritus, eczema, and skin dryness. In herbal medicine, Anemarrhena asphodeloides (Anemarrhenae Rhizoma; AR) has been utilized to treat Alzheimer's disease, osteoporosis, hypertension, and inflammation. The purpose of study evaluated the effect of AR in a mouse model of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced AD-like skin lesions. After acclimatization for 5 days, the mice (6-week-old, male Balb/c) were divided into five groups (n=6/group): NC (normal control), DNCB (control), Dex (5 mg·kg-1, p.o.), AR100 (100 mg·kg-1, p.o.), and AR300 (300 mg·kg-1, p.o.). On days 1 and 3, 1% DNCB was applied to the skin and ears. After 4 days, 0.5% DNCB was applied once every 2 days for 2 weeks. Then, skin and ears eczema area and severity index (EASI); skin nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels; and plasma immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels were examined. The AR groups showed lower EASI, skin and ear thickness, mast cell count, and IgE levels than the control groups. Moreover, AR reduced iNOS, COX-2, and PGE2 levels. Therefore, AR possesses anti-inflammatory properties and can improve skin damage, indicating its therapeutic potential against AD.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.363-370
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• 2023

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammation associated with skin hypersensitivity caused by environmental factors. The objent of this study was to assess the hot water extracts of Sargassum horneri (SHHWE) on AD. AD was induced by spreading 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) on the BALB/c mice. The efficacy of SHHWE was tested by observing the immunoglobulin E (IgE), cytokine, skin clinical severity score and cytokine secretions in concanavalin A (Con A)-stimulated splenocytes. The levels of interleukine (IL)-4, IL-5 and IgE, the pro-inflammatory cytokines that are closely related, were notably suppressed in a does-dependent manner by SHHWE, whereas the level of interferon γ (IFN-γ), the atopy-related Th1 cytokine inhibiting the production of Th2 cytokines, was increased. Therefore, these results show that SHHWE has a potent anti- inhibitory effect on AD and is highly valuable for cosmetic development.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.30-42
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Angelica gigas Nakai extract(AGNE) and Bacillus polyfermenticus KJS-2 (BP2) on atopic dermatitis (AD) induced by 2, 4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) in mice. Methods: In the experiment, we divided mice into four groups: a control group, a DNCB group, an AGNE group, and an AGNE+BP2 group. Then we examined the changes in scratching frequency, clinical aspects on dorsum skin, immunoglobulin (IgE), cytokines ($TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6) and expression of COX-2. Resutls: From the experiment, the scratching frequency was significantly dropped in AGNE group and AGNE+BP2 group. Clinical observations of dorsum skin, there were a severe keratotic lesion and drop of dead skin cell in DNCB group, but symptoms of AD were decreased 39.6% in AGNE group and 49.6% in AGNE+BP2 group during 3 weeks. IgE, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and IL-6 were decreased significantly in both AGNE and AGNE+BP2 group. Expression of COX-2 was also decreased significantly in both groups. Conclusions: In conclusion, these data suggest that AGNE can decrease symptoms of AD and BP2 makes AGNE more effective. So AGNE can be useful herbal therapy for AD.