• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.28 no.1 s.66
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• pp.165-174
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• 1998

The turnover of collagen is controlled by the balance between collagen synthesis and degradation. The production of collagenase (matrix metalloproteinase-1) and its inhibitor, tissue inhibitor of matrix metallopmteinase-1 (TIMP-1) are one of the substances which regulate this balance. The periodontal ligament fibroblast plays an important role in collagen metabolism during orthodontic treatment and is believed to be an origin of the osteoblast in the alveolar bone. The collagenase secreted by the periodontal ligament fibroblast and the osteoblast initiates the bone resorption by removing the osteoid layer in the alveloar bone. The interleukin-$1{\beta}$ is secreted by the macrophage during orthodontic treatment. The present study was undertaken to assess the effect of mechanical stress and interleukin-$1{\beta}$ on the expression of collagenase and TIMP-1 in the periodontal ligament fibroblasts using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical staining. The periodontal ligament fibroblasts were stitched by placing the $Petriperm dish^{\circledR}$ dish on the top of spheroidal convex watch glass ($5\%$ surface increase) and tented with interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (1.0 ng/ml), or treated with both of them. Treatment with mechanical stress and/or interleukin-$1{\beta}$ resulted in increased collagenase mRNA expression. The mechanical stress treated group (1.61, 1.62, 1.37 fold increase), the interleukin-$1{\beta}$, tented group (1.68, 1.60, 3.78 fold increase), the mechanical stress and interleukin-$1{\beta}$ treated group (1.89, 1.72, 5.48 fold increase) induced increases in collagenase mRNA compared with the control group after 2, 4, 8 hours respectively. But TIMP-1 mRNA expressions at experimental groups were decreased after 2, 4 hours and increased after 8 hours. The mechanical stress treated group (0.16, 0.49 fold decrease and 3.77 fold increase), the interleukin-$1{\beta}$ treated group (0.15,0.44 fold decrease and 4.46 fold increase), the mechanical stress and interleukin-$1{\beta}$ tented group (0.15, 0.69 fold decrease and 4.81 fold increase) induced changes in TIMP-1 mRNA compared with the control group after 2, 4, 8 hours, respectively. Immunohistochemical stain showed that increased collagenase and TIMP-1 staining of the mechanical stress tented group, the interleukin-$1{\beta}$ treated group, and the mechanical stress and interleukin-$1{\beta}$ treated group compared with that of the control group after 8 hours. These findings suggest that mechanical stress and interleukin-$1{\beta}$ regulate expression of collagenase and TIMP-1.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.835-845
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• 2017

The $GCF_{\epsilon}$ expansion is a new class of continued fractions induced by the transformation $T_{\epsilon}:(0, 1]{\rightarrow}(0, 1]$: $T_{\epsilon}(x)={\frac{-1+(k+1)x}{1+k-k{\epsilon}x}}$ for $x{\in}(1/(k+1),1/k]$. Under the algorithm $T_{\epsilon}$, every $x{\in}(0,1]$ corresponds to an increasing digits sequences $\{k_n,n{\geq}1\}$. Their basic properties, including the ergodic properties, law of large number and central limit theorem have been discussed in [4], [5] and [7]. In this paper, we study the large deviation for the $GCF_{\epsilon}$ expansion and show that: $\{{\frac{1}{n}}{\log}k_n,n{\geq}1\}$ satisfies the different large deviation principles when the parameter ${\epsilon}$ changes in [-1, 1], which generalizes a result of L. J. Zhu [9] who considered a case when ${\epsilon}(k){\equiv}0$ (i.e., Engel series).

• MALSORI
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• no.56
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• pp.75-101
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• 2005

This study investigated the articulatory and acoustic correlates of Korean /1/. In particular, direct comparison between Korean /1/ and English /1/ was made to evaluate the current assumption about Korean /1/ such that Korean /1/ is phonetically similar to English clear /1/. The present study revealed that Korea /1/ is different from English /1/ in several properties. First, F2 for Korean /1/ is around 600-700 Hz higher than F2 for English /1/. The overall higher F2 for Korean /1/ is attributed to the fact that Korean /1/ involves tongue body raising while it lacks a dorsal gesture. Second, F3 value for Korean /1/ becomes significantly lower when the preceeding vowel is a back vowel. This kind of variable F3 pattern was not observed in English /1/. The current study relates the F3 lowering to the retroflexion of Korean /1/ in the back vowel context.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.39-44
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• 1994

A Stability to the Spreading solvents, Which is acetonitrile, dichloromethane, benzene, chloroform and acetonitrile-benzene(1:1, v/v) of (3-Alkyl benzimidazolium)-TCNQ(1:1) Complex was investigated by UV-visible Spectrometer and was confirmed stabilized on acetonitrile, acetonitrilbenzene(1:1, v/v) for five hours. Using Ultra pure water as subphase for Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) Films, it was achived successively to fabricate the Y-type LB films of (3-Alkyl benzimidazolium)-TCNQ(1:1) Complex. For the identification of deposition of (3-Alkyl benzimidazolium)-TCNQ(1:1) Complex, UV-visible spectra was recorded on HP 8452A spectrometer.

• Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.67-71
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• 2005

We call K a (1, 1)-knot in M if M is a union of two solid tori $V_1\;and\;V_2$ glued along their boundary tori ${\partial}V_1\;and\;{\partial}V_2$ and if K intersects each solid torus $V_i$ in a trivial arc $t_i$ for i = 1 and 2. Note that every (1, 1)-knot is a tunnel number one knot. In this article, we determine when a tunnel number one knot is a (1, 1)-knot. In other words, we show that any tunnel number one knot with bridge number 3 is a (1, 1)-knot.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.308-313
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• 2014

Activator protein-1 (AP-1) is an inducible transcription factor that contributes to the generation of chronic inflammation in response to oxidative and electrophilic stress. Previous studies have demonstrated that the PI3K/Akt1 pathway plays an important role in the transcriptional regulation of AP-1 expression. Although the histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) are assumed to affect the AP-1 transcriptional regulation by the PI3K/Akt pathway, the detailed mechanisms are completely unknown. In the present study, we show that heterochromatin 1 gamma ($HP1{\gamma}$) plays a negative role in TPA-induced c-Jun and c-Fos expression. We show that TPA-induced Akt1 directly phosphorylates $HP1{\gamma}$, abrogates its suppressive function and increases the interaction between histone H3 and 14-3-$3{\varepsilon}$. Collectively, these our data illustrate that the activation of PI3K/Akt pathway may play a permissive role in the recruitment of histone readers or other coactivators on the chromatin, thereby affecting the degree of AP-1 transcription.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.17-23
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• 1975

복용량이 비교적 적고, 난용성 의약품(醫藥品)으로 antirheumatism에 사용되고 있는 phenylbutazone을 macromolecule polymer로서 water soluble carrier인 polyvinylpyrrolidone과 solvent method로 1:1, 1:5, 및 1:9(w/w)의 coprecipitate를 형성(形成)시켰으며, 이들 coprecipitate의 용출 속도를 Pure drug 및 coprecipitate 형성 용매인methanol에서 재결정한 recrystallized pure drug의 그것과 측정 비교(比較)하였다. 1:1,1:5 및 1:9(w/w)의 coprecipitate는 recrystallized pure phenylbutazone보다 약 4.5배의 용출의 증가를 보였고, 이들 1:1,1:5,1:9(w/w)에서의 그 carrier의 양(量)에 따른 용출에의 영향은 거의 없었다. 시간(時間)에 대(對)한 log probit를 plot하여 구(求)한 dissolution half life, $T_{50%}$는 coprecipitate ratio 1:1(w/w)에서는 5.5분, 1:5에서는 10분, 1:9에서는 12.5분이었다.

• Journal of Integrative Natural Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.65-70
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• 2013

1,1-Bis(n-butyl)-2,3,4,5-tetraphenyl-1-silacyclopentadiene (3) and 1,1-bis(t-butyl)-2,3,4,5-tetraphenyl-1-silacyclopentadiene (4) are synthesized from the reaction of the versatile silole dianion (2) with n-butyl bromide and t-butyl bromide. Reduction of (3) and (4) with an excess of lithium to give 1,1-bis(n-butyl)-2,5-dilithio-2,3,4,5-tetraphenyl-1-silacyclopenta-3-enide (6) and 1,1-bis(t-butyl)-2,5-dilithio-2,3,4,5-tetraphenyl-1-silacyclopenta-3-enide (7). $^{13}C$-NMR study of two 2,5-carbodianions (6 and 7) shows tert-carbanion at 73.18 and 78.12 ppm respectively. Two bulky tert-butyl groups in (7) increase the inversion barrier at the tert-carbanion, line broadenings of tert-butyl groups in $^1H$ and $^{13}C$-NMR spectrum are observed.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.32-37
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• 1984

The photoreaction of 2, 3-benzo-1, 1-diphenyl (or dimethyl)-1-sila-2-cyclobutene (9 or 10) with an aldehyde or ketone results in 1:1 cycloadduct of [4 + 2] type. In the reactions of 2, 3-benzo-1, 1-dimethyl-1-sila-2-cyclobutene (10) with acetone and butanone, another 1:1 adducts (13) were also formed, respectively. The following facts indicate that the formation of adduct involves an attack of a triplet carbonyl compound on the silicon of the benzosilacyclobutene, an $S_H2$ process. (1) Even when the reaction of 9 with acetophenone was carried out under conditions such that more than 99% of incident light was absorbed only by acetophenone using the filter solution of aq. cupric sulfate, the same adduct was still formed. (2) When the reaction of 9 with acetone was carried out under oxygen atmosphere, only trace amount of adduct was formed.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.1147-1149
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• 1996

The trans (2a)-cis (2b) isomerization of [Me2Al(μ-NHtBu)]2 (2) has been studied by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The equilibrium has been observed to follow reversible first order kinetics with ΔH0=2.22±0.07 kJmol-1 and ΔS0=2.85±0.07 JK-1mol-1. The activation parameters for the conversion 2a→2b are ΔH1=49.7±2.3 kJmol-1 and ΔS1=-126.3±0.2 JK-1mo1-1 and for the reverse reaction 2b→2a are ΔH-1=47.5±2.3 kJmol-1 and ΔS-1=-129.1±0.5 JK-1mol-1. The isomerization is markedly accelerated in the presence of Lewis bases. A crossover experiment indicates that the isomer interconversion is a unimolecular process. The large negative entropies of activation suggest either the existence of a sterically congested intermediate or the participation of solvent in the isomerization process.