• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.19 no.5
• /
• pp.504-511
• /
• 2008

Two kinds of nitroazobenzene derivatives: 4-{4'-(nitrophenylazo)phenoxy}alkanoic acids (NAAn, n = 2~8, 10, number of methylene units in the alkyl chain) and 4-{4'-(nitrophenylazo)phenoxy}alkanoyl chlorides (NACn, n = 2~8, 10) were synthesized, and their thermotropic liquid crystalline behaviors were investigated. NAA6 formed an enantiotropic nematic phase, while the remainders, except NAA2, showed monotropic nematic phases. Isotropic-nematic transition temperature ($T_{iN}$) and change of entropy (${\Delta}S$) at $T_{iN}$ for both of NAAn and NACn varied by the change of n, and pronounced odd-even effects of n were also observed. However, the $T_{iN}$ and ${\Delta}S$ values of NAAn were much higher than those of NACn. This fact may be attributed to the hydrogen bonding between carboxyl groups. Thermal properties and degree of order in the mesophase and the magnitude of the odd-even effects of both NAAn and NACn were significantly different from those reported for 4-(alkoxy)-4'-nitroazobenzenes. It was discussed in terms of the differences in the molecular anisotropy and the temperature-dependent flexibility of the substituted groups.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
• /
• v.21 no.4
• /
• pp.54-61
• /
• 2013

Although typically classified as AIS 1, whiplash injuries continue to represent a substantial social problem with associated costs estimated at over $1 billion annually. The primary objective of this study was to determine the effects of seat positions(seatback angle, headrest height) on risk for whiplash injury in very low speed(${\Delta}V$=4~10km/h) rear-end impact. To accomplish this, rear impact seat carriage tests and simulations were conducted using the BioRID-II dummy seated in a mass production seat, which allowed for the adjustment of seatback angle and headrest height. Neck injury criteria(NIC, Nkm) were then compared for different ${\Delta}V$ and seat positions.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
• /
• v.37 no.2
• /
• pp.178.2-178.2
• /
• 2012

정지궤도위성은 발사체에서 위성이 분리된 이후 천이궤도로부터 원하는 목표궤도로 궤도전이를 해야 한다. 또한 임무기간동안 궤도상에서 다양한 교란을 겪게 되며 이로 인해 시간이 증가함에 따라 위성의 위치가 변화하게 된다. 정지궤도위성은 이러한 궤도전이 및 궤도상 위치변화를 제어하기 위한 추진시스템을 장착하고 임무기간에 걸쳐 요구되는 추진제를 탑재해야 한다. 위성의 설계 초기에는 추정되는 위성의 건조질량을 기반으로 하여 궤도전이와 궤도상 임무에 필요로 하는 추진제 버짓을 계산하고 이를 토대로 하여 위성 시스템 설계를 진행한다. 또한 발사체별로 발사체의 성능과 발사장에 따라 근지점고도와 발사 경사각이 모두 상이하므로 발사체가 정해지지 않은 상태에서 발사체별 추진제 버짓을 계산, 비교하고 추진 시스템의 탱크가 이를 모두 수용할 수 있는지 분석하는 것이 중요하다. 본 논문에서는 정지궤도복합위성의 추정 건조질량과 임무분석을 통해 주어진 ${\Delta}V$와 각 발사체별 궤도전이에 필요한 ${\Delta}V$를 바탕으로 하여 발사체별 추진제버짓을 계산하였고 이를 비교검토 하였다. 이후 이러한 기본 자료를 바탕으로 하여 정지궤도복합위성 추진시스템의 추진제 수용가능 여부, 건조질량 증가 여유 등 기본설계를 진행할 수 있다.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
• /
• v.38 no.12
• /
• pp.1104-1109
• /
• 2001

Samples with the nominal composition, B $i_{1.84}$P $b_{0.34}$S $r_{1.91}$C $a_{2.03}$C $u_{3.06}$ $O_{10+}$$\delta$/ high $T_{c}$ superconductors containing As as an additive were fabricated by a solid-state reaction method. Samples with Ag of 10wt%, 30 wt% and 50 wt% each were sintered at 86$0^{\circ}C$~875$^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. The structural characteristics, critical temperature and grain size with respect to Ag contents were analyzed by XRD(X-ray Diffraction) and SEM(Scanning Electron Microscope), respectively. As Ag contents increased, XRD peaks of g in Bi-2223 phase superconductors intensified and the proportion of the phase transition from Bi-2223 to Bi-2212 was increased.increased.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.6 no.6
• /
• pp.491-496
• /
• 2005

In this paper, test on characteristics of 3-phase line-interactive UPS system, known as delta conversion UPS system, is studied. Delta conversion UPS system is new line-interactive UPS system using two series-parallel PWM converters instead of using series inductor in conventional single conversion line-interactive UPS system. It is known that the characteristics of input and output in delta conversion UPS system is much improved by controlling source current of AC lines directly. Here the results on load test, normal/backup mode test, and normal/bypass mode test, which are very important in the test on characteristics of UPS system, is presented. And finally overall evaluation on delta conversion UPS system is given.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
• /
• v.10 no.5
• /
• pp.417-425
• /
• 1990

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of Be addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of as-cast and homogenization treated Al-Li-(Be)alloys. The ductility of as-cast Al-Li alloy was increased by the addition of Be and the fracture morphology was changed from brittle to ductile mode. Also, hardness and strength have been decreased by homogenization treatment. The morphology of eutectic structure which consists of ${\alpha}(Al)$ and ${\alpha}(Be)$ was changed from lammellae to spherical type by homogenization treatment. The shape of ${\alpha}(Be)$ phase has been revealed as hollow type by TEM observation. It consists of outer surfaces with well defined crystal facets and the core filled with ${\alpha}(Al)$. The microstructure of as-cast Al-Li-Be alloys showed coarse ${\delta}'$, fine ${\delta}'$, and coarse ${\delta}$ phases. The coarse and fine ${\delta}'$ phases were formed at Be-rich phase /matrix interfaces and in matrix, respectively. By homogenization treatment, the ${\delta}$ phase in Al-Li and Al-Li-Be alloys dissolved and the size of ${\delta}$ phase in Al-Li-Be alloys was finer than that of Al-Li alloy.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
• /
• 2014.02a
• /
• pp.261.1-261.1
• /
• 2014

지구상에 존재하는 모든 생물에 의해 배출되는 이산화탄소는 온실가스로써 산업혁명 이후 급격한 농도 증가로 인해 지구 온난화 등의 다양한 환경문제를 초래하고 있다. 지구 온난화의 가시화로 인한 각종 기후 협약 및 탄소배출권 등에 규제로 온실가스 감축의무부과가 확실해져 탈 석유기반 사회로 전환을 위한 이산화탄소를 처리하는 다양한 연구가 각국에서 활발히 진행 중이다. 본 연구에서 마이크로웨이브 플라즈마 토치를 이산화탄소 분해에 이용하게 되었고 그 목적은 이산화탄소가스를 마이크로웨이브로 가열하여 순수한 이산화탄소 플라즈마 토치를 발생함으로서 지구 온난화의 주범인 이산화탄소를 생산적으로 이용하기 위한 것으로 전자파를 발진하는 마그네트론으로는 3kW, 2.45GHz의 주파수를 사용한다. 마이크로웨이브 플라즈마 토치를 이용한 이산화탄소의 분해 시 생성되는 물질을 확인하기 위하여 이산화탄소의 열역학적 평형을 계산하였으며 또한 이산화탄소의 분해 반응의 준 평형상태에서의 속도상수를 이용하여 각 분해반응생성물들의 밀도비율을 계산하였고, 이를 일반화시켜 도시하였다. 위 과정을 통해 고온의 이산화탄소 토치는 탄화수소 연료를 1기압에서 개질할 수 있음을 알 수 있다. 예를 들어 메탄개질은 $CO_2+CH_4{\rightarrow}2CO+2H_2$의 반응식이 된다. 이때 엔탈피와 엔트로피 변화는 각 각 ${\Delta}H=247kJ/mole$과 ${\Delta}S=257J/mole/deg.$이며 이 반응에 대한 gibbs 자유에너지는 $G={\Delta}H-T{\Delta}S$로서 개질 자발반응이 일어나는 온도는 $T={\Delta}H/{\Delta}S=961K$가 된다. 그리고 탄화수소 개질에 참여하는 산소와 CO 라디칼의 밀도가 대단히 높다. 따라서 메탄개질은 이산화탄소 토치를 통하여 1기압에서 쉽게 이루어진다.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Power Electronics
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.249-255
• /
• 2017

This paper presents air-gap control according to Y and Delta connections of a double-sided air-gap permanent magnet synchronous motor (DA-PMSM) with independent three-phase structure. In particular, the DA-PMSM used in this study can be applied to low-speed and high-torque applications, such as wind turbines, tidal power generations, and electric propulsion ships, because of its modular stators and a rotor with numerous permanent magnets. Unlike conventional three-phase machines, the DA-PMSM has a symmetrical configuration with double-sided air-gap. Therefore, Y/Delta winding connections and serial/parallel configurations between stator modules are possible. To identify the DA-PMSM operating characteristics, mathematical modeling is analyzed according to the Y/Delta connections. Moreover, air-gap control performances by applying the winding connection methods are verified through experimental results.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.96-102
• /
• 1994

The present work was aimed to examine the changes of the shape and particle size distribution(PSD) of ${\delta}^{\prime}$ particles on ageing in Al-Li-(Cu, Zr) alloys which had low density, high specific strength and stiffness, Increasing ageing time and temperature resulted in particles whose aspect ratio tended toward 1. The aspect ratio of ${\delta}^{\prime}$ particles was not dependent upon the ageing temperature and time in Al-Li-Cu alloy but was dependent upon them in Al-Li-Zr alloy. The PSD of ${\delta}^{\prime}$ particles in Al-Li-Zr alloy skewed to the right hand compared with that in Al-Li-Cu alloy, because $Al_3Zr$ phase in Al-Li-Zr alloy formed before ageing promoted the precipitation and growth of ${\delta}^{\prime}$ phase. Therefore, the PSD of the ${\delta}^{\prime}$ particles was found to be affected by the presence of $Al_3Zr$ particles. The growth rate of ${\delta}^{\prime}$ phase was not affected by the existence of the third transition phase $T_1$ formed by the addition of Cu in Al-Li alloy but was affected by the existence of $Al_3Zr$ formed by the addition of Zr in Al-Li alloy.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.37 no.6
• /
• pp.555-561
• /
• 1993

Ultraviolet spectrophotometric investigation has been carried out on the system of iododestannylation iodine and tetramethyltin in methanol. The transient CT absorption spectrum can be observed and the subsequent disappearance of CT absorption spectrum was accompained by the cleavage of tetramethyltin with iodine. From there, the rate constants for the iododestannylation were determined at 10, 25 and 35$^{\circ}C$ up to 1600 bar and the reaction rates were increased with increasing temperature and pressure. From these rate constants, the values of the activation parameters (${\Delta}V^\neq,\;{\Delta}{\beta}^{\neq},\;{\Delta}H^{\neq},\;{\Delta}S^{\neq}\;and\;{\Delta}G^{\neq}$) were obtained. The activation volumes and activation compressibility coefficients were both negativity. The activation enthalpies were positive and activation entropies had large negative values. From these values discussed in terms of solvent structure variation of transition state and mechanism. From these results, it was found that the reaction is followed with $S_E2$ mechaenism and weakened $S_E2$ mechanism nature by increasing pressure.