• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.7
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• pp.153-163
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• 1989

The activity changes and biochemical properties of ${\beta}$-gal in tomato fruits during ripening were investigated. The total activity was increased during ripening and three isoenzymes (${\beta}$-gal I, II and III) were purified through DEAE Sephadex A-50 and Sephadex G-100 column chromatography. The activities of ${\beta}$gal isoenzymes (${\beta}$-gal I, II and III) during ripening were 69.8, 31.8 and 170.0 units in mature green phase, while those were 48.7, 88.4 and 136.8 units in Red phase, respectively. As the ripening proceeded the activities of ${\beta}$-gal I and III were some what decreased but the activity of ${\beta}$-gal II was incresed more than 2.8 fold. The optimum pH of ${\beta}$-gal I, II and III were 3.9, 4.2 and 3.9 and the optimum temperature of those were $60^{\circ}C$, $56^{\circ}C$ and $60^{\circ}C$, respectively. All isoenzymes were stable at pH 3.6~6.0 and lost their activity about 50% when it heated at $55^{\circ}C$ for 5 minute. $Mg^{{+}{+}}$-activated the three isoenzymes but $Ca^{{+}{+}}$ and SDS inhibited about 30~40%. $Hg^{{+}{+}}$ inhibited completely. The km value of ${\beta}$-gal I, II and III was 0.36mM, 0.63mM and 0.45mM, reaction rate was rapidly increased until the concentration of substrate was $6.0{\times}10^{-5}M$.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.159-171
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• 2009

Objectives This study was evaluated the effects of CSE the regulatory mechanism of NO and cytokines in the LPS-stimulated Raw 264.7 cells. Methods The Coicis Semen MeOH extract dissolved in EMEM for 1 hour prior to the addition of LPS(1${mu}g/ml$). The cell viability was measured by MTT assay, and Nitric Oxide production was monitored by measuring the nitrite content in culture medium. The levels of cytokine and PGE2 were analyzed by sandwich immunoassays. Results CSE inhibited the production of NO (0.03 and 0.1 mg/ml), $TNF-{\alpha}$ (0.03 and 0.1 mg/ml), $IL-1{\beta}$ (0.03 and 0.1 mg/ml), IL-6 (0.03, 0.1 mg/ml) and PGE2(0.03 and 0.1 mg/ml) in Raw 264.7 cells activated with LPS(lipopolysaccharide). Conclusion According to the results above, Coicis Semen can produce anti-inflammatory effect, which may play a role in adjunctive therapy in Gram-negative bacterial infections.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.165-176
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• 2009

Objectives The purpose of this study is to find out the effect of Taraxaci Herba Extract (THE), LPS, on pro-inflammatory mediatory. Methods After the treatment of Taraxaci Herba MeOH extract dissolved in EMEM for 1 hour prior to the addition of LPS ($1\;{\mu}g/ml$), cell viability was measured by MTT assay, Nitric Oxide production was monitored by measuring the nitrite content in culture medium. And levels of cytokine and PGE2 were analyzed by sandwich immunoassays. Results THE inhibited the production of nitrite and nitrate (0.03 and 0.1 mg/ml), TNF-$\alpha$, (0.03 and 0.1 mg/ml), IL-$1{\beta}$(0.03 and 0.1 mg/ml), IL-6 (0.01, 0.03 and 0.1 mg/ml) and PGE2(0.03 and 0.1 mg/ml) activated with LPS. In Raw 264.7 cells activated with lipopolysaccharide. Conclusions According to the results above, Taraxaci Herba can produce anti-inflammatory effect, which may play a role in adjunctive therapy in Gram-negative bacterial infections.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2014.02a
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• pp.364.2-364.2
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• 2014

Magnesium oxide (MgO) thin films have attracted great scientific and technological interest in recent decades. Because of its distinguished properties such as a wide band gap (7.2 eV), a low dielectric constant (9.8), a low refractive index, an excellent chemical, and thermal stability (melting point=$2900^{\circ}C$), it is widely used as inorganic material in diverse areas such as fire resistant construction materials, optical materials, protective layers in plasma display panels, buffer layers of multilayer electronic/photonic devices, and perovskite ferroelectric thin films. Precursor used in the ALD requires volatility, stability, and low deposition temperature. Precursors using a heteroleptic ligands with different reactivity have advantage of selective reaction of the heteroleptic ligands on substrate during ALD process. In this study, we have synethesized new heteroleptic magnesium precursors ${\beta}$-diketonate and aminoalkoxide which have been widely used for the development of precursor because of the excellent volatility, chelating effects by increasing the coordination number of the metal, and advantages to synthesize a single precursor. A newly-synthesized Mg(II) precursor was adopted for growing MgO thin films using ALD.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.385-400
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• 2008

Objectives : This study was carried out to investigate the effects of Soyumjungjang-tang(SJT) on the experimental ulcerative colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium(DSS) in mice. Methods : Ulcerative colitis was induced through supplying 4% DSS solution as the drinking water for 7 days in 6-week-old male ICR mice. The colitic mice were divided into three groups: the sample groups were orally administered SJT in doses of 25mg/kg(S25 group) or 100mg/kg(S100 group) once a day for 10 days, from 3 days before starting drinking the DSS solution, and the control(C) group was administered normal saline instead of SJT. The DSS solution or SJT was not administered to the normal(N) group. The length of colon, histologic finding, the activities of myeloperoxidase(MPO) and alkaline phosphatase(AP), and the expressions of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, COX-2, $NF-{\kappa}B$, and $I{\kappa}B$ in colonic mucosa was checked using immunoblot, ELISA, etc. The activities of chondroitinase, tryptophanase, ${\beta}-glucuronidase$ and ${\beta}-glucosidase$ in stool were also measured. Results : The length of colon shortened, histologic finding deteriorated, the activities of MPO, AP, chondroitinase, tryptophanase, ${\beta}-glucuronidase$ and ${\beta}-glucosidase$, and the expressions of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, COX-2, $NF-{\kappa}B$ increased, and the expression of $I{\kappa}B$ decreased in the C group. All measures, except $NF-{\kappa}B$, were restored in S25 group, but some measures deteriorated more in the S100 group than in the C group. Conclusions : According to the above results, it is supposed that SJT has a potential therapeutic effect on ulcerative colitis.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.86-91
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• 1996

Thermostable $\beta$-mannanase from Bacillus sp. YA-14 was purified by acetone precipitation, CM-cellulose, Sephadex G-100 and hydroxyapatite column chromatography from culture supernatant. The final enzyme preparation appeared to be homogeneous on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). $\beta$-Mannanase appeared to be a monomeric protein with a molecular weight of 67, 000 daltons. The optimal pH and temperature of the enzyme reaction were pH 6.0 and $75^{\circ}C$ , respectively. The enzyme was stable at a pH range of 6.0 to 9.0 and at temperatures between 45 and $85^{\circ}C$. The kinetic constants of $\beta$-mannanase as determined with a galactomannan (locust bean) as substrate were a Vmax of 25 unit/ml and a Km of 1.1 mg/ml. The enzyme had only limited activity on galactomannan substrate. It was suggested that mg $\beta$-mannanase activity is limited by the number of branched $\alpha$-galactose residues.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.149-152
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• 2001

Effect of topical application with 10, 20 and 30 ${\mu}g$/ml testosterone propionate and estradiol -17${\beta}$ on the fourth and fifth instar bivoltine NB18 silkworm larvae Bombyx mori, on the glycogen and protein contents of the Fat body and trehalose and protein contents of the haemolymph has been studied. Glycogen content of the fat body was significantly decreased in both testosterone propionate and estradiol -17${\beta}$ treatment groups except in the group treated with 30 ${\mu}g$ testosterone propionate where the increase was not significant when compared with those of carrier controls. The increase/decrease in haemolymph trehalose content did not show any significant difference in all the treated groups. Protein content of the fat body significantly increased in 10 and 20 mg testosterone propionate and estradiol -l7${\beta}$ treated groups but in 30 mg treated groups the increase was not significant when compared with those of carrier controls. There was no significant change in the haemolymph protein content in all the testosterone propionate and estradiol -17${\beta}$ treated groups except in group treated with 10 ${\mu}g$ estradiol -17${\beta}$ where it showed a significant decrease when compared with that of carrier control.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.437-440
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• 2006

To explore the possible usefulness of ${\beta}$-glucans as natural antioxidants, the antioxidant profiles of ${\beta}$-glucan, extracted from Saccharomyces cerevisiae KCTC 7911, and water soluble and insoluble mutant ${\beta}$-glucan, isolated from yeast mutant S. cerevisiae IS2, were examined by five different in vitro evaluation methods: lipid peroxidation value (POV), nitric oxide (NO), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, reducing power, and ${\beta}$-carotene diffusion assay. The antioxidant activities of all ${\beta}$-glucans evaluated in POV test were comparable to or better than that of the known antioxidant, vitamin C. Remarkably, the ${\beta}$-glucan and water insoluble mutant ${\beta}$-glucan possessed 2.5-fold more potent activity than vitamin C at a dosage of 2 mg. Although vitamin C showed 100-fold greater activity than all ${\beta}$-glucans in NO and DPPH tests for measuring the radical scavenging capacity, all ${\beta}$-glucans revealed higher radical scavenging activity than the known radical scavenger, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), in DPPH test. The water insoluble mutant ${\beta}$-glucan had 2.6- and 5-fold greater antioxidative activity than water soluble ${\beta}$-glucan in NO and DPPH tests, respectively, showing that all ${\beta}$-glucans were able to scavenge radicals such as NO or DPPH. While all ${\beta}$-glucans revealed lower antioxidant profiles than vitamin C in both reducing power activity and ${\beta}$-carotene agar diffusion assay, the ${\beta}$-glucan and water insoluble mutant ${\beta}$-glucan did show a marginal reducing power activity as well as a considerable ${\beta}$-carotene agar diffusion activity. These results confirmed the potential usefulness of these ${\beta}$-glucans as natural antioxidants.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.412-426
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• 1992

Effects of beta-carotene on the immunobiological responses were studied in ICR mice. ICR male mice were divided into 8 groups (10 mice/group), and beta-carotene at doses of 4, 20 and 100 mg/kg were orally administered to ICR mice once daily for 28 consecutive days. Cyclophosphamide (CY) was injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) to ICR mice with a single dose of 5 mg/kg body weight at 2 days before secondary immunization. Mice were sensitized and challenged with sheep red blood cells (5-RBC). Immune responses were evaluated by humoral immunity, cellular immunity and non-specific immunity. The results of this study were summarized as follows: (1) Beta-carotene significantly increased the weight ratios of liver, spleen and thymus to body weight depending on dose, and significantly increased the increasing rate of body weight and the number of circulating leukocyte. (2) Beta-carotene dose-dependently increased hemagglutination titer, Arthus reaction and hemolytic plaque forming cell related to humoral immunity. (3) Beta-carotene significantly increased delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction and rosette forming cell related to cellular immunity. (4) Beta-carotene dose-dependently increased phagocytic activity, and significantly increased natural killer (NK) cell activity. (5) Beta-carotene dose-dependently inhibited reductions in humoral immunity, cellular immunity, NK cell activity and phagocytic activity by treatment with CY.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.2 no.5
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• pp.629-635
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• 1998

It has been suggested that oxygen free radicals are involved in the initiation process of acute pancreatitis, although its pathogenesis is not clear. This study evaluates the roles of oxygen radicals and the effects of small molecular antioxidants (rebamipide, N-acetyl-cysteine, allopurinol, ${\beta}-carotene)$ on the development of cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis. Acute edematous pancreatitis was induced by the intravenous infusion of cerulein at supramaximal dose of 10 ${\mu}g/kg/hour$ for 3.5 hours. The effects of antioxidants, rebamipide (100 mg/kg, i.p.), N-acetyl-cysteine (200 mg/kg, i.v.), allopurinol (20 mg/kg/hour), ${\beta}-carotene$ (50 mg/kg, i.p.), were examined. Cerulein administration resulted in a significant increase in serum amylase activity and pancreatic malondialdehyde (MDA), but not glutathione peroxidase (GSHpx). The glutathione (GSH) content in pancreatic tissue decreased dramatically. Pretreatment of N-acetyl-cysteine significantly decreased the cerulein-induced hyperamylasemia and maintained GSH content in pancreas, but MDA was slightly decreased. In addition, N-acetyl-cysteine ameliorated histological damage. Allopurinol and ${\beta}-carotene$ attenuated cerulein-induced hyperamylasemia, but histologically there was no difference from control. These results indicate that oxygen free radicals play an important role in the initiation of experimental acute pancreatitis. N-acetyl-cysteine is an effective antioxidant that ameliorates the cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis, and the possible therapeutic application of antioxidants against acute pancreatitis needs a further evaluation.