• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics A
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• v.32A no.6
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• pp.59-66
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• 1995

The hot electron induced effective channel length modulation (${\Delta}L_{H}$) and HEIP characteristics in PMOSFET's after bidirectional stress are presented. Trapped electron charges in gate oxide and lateral field are calculated from the gate current model, and ${\Delta}L_{H}$(${\Delta}L_{HD},\;{\Delta}L_{HS}$) is calculated using trapped electron charges and lateral field. It has been found that ${\Delta}I_{d}$and ${\Delta}L_{H}$ are more affected by the stress order (Forward-Reverse of Reverse or Reverse-Forward) than the stress direction, and they vary logarithmically with the stress time. In contrast, ${\Delta}V_{t}$ and ${\Delta}V_{pt}$ are more affected by the stress direction thatn the stress order. The correlation between ${\Delta}V_{pt}$ and the stress time can be explanined as the following polynomial functin: ${\Delta}V_{pt}$=AT$^{n}$. It has also been shown that PMOSFET degradation is related with the gate current and the effects of ${\Delta}V_{pt}$ is the most significant.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.63-79
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• 1997

Consider an oparator equation of the form : $$ (1.1) H[y](x) = \alpha(x)\delta^2 y(x) + \beta(x)\delta y(x) = \lambda_n y(x), $$ where $\alphs(x)$ and $\beta(x)$ are polynomials of degree at most two and one respectively, $\lambda_n$ is the eigenvalue parameter, and $\delta$ is Hahn's operator $$ (1.2) \delta f(x) = \frac{(q - 1)x + \omega}{f(qx + \omega) - f(x)}, $$ for real constants $q(\neq \pm 1)$ and $\omega$.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.115-121
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• 1974

In order to evaluate the health hazard due to exposure to organophosphorus insecticides, we measured the blood cholinesterase activity ana urinary para-nitrophenol among 56 exposed subjects. They are orchard workers, rice plant workers and smithion factory workers. The clinical symptoms were also checked by physicians. We also measured the blood cholinesterase activity and urinary para-nitrophenol excretion of 20 urban people and 15 rural people who had never been exposed to organophosphorus insecticides in order to compare them according to age, sex and geographical differences. And these results were also compared with those of exposed groups. The results obtained were as follows. 1. The normal plasma cholinesterase activity and cell cholinestrase activity were $0.861{\pm}0.148\;{\Delta}pH/hr$ and $0.822{\pm}0.154\;{\Delta}pH/hr$. And normal para-nitrophenol in urine was $1.21{\pm}0.52mg/liter$. 2. No significant difference was existed in blood cholinesterase activities and urinary para-nitrophenol excre tion according to sex, age and geographical difference. 3. The plasma cholinesterase activity and cell cholinesterase activity of orchard workers, rice plant workers and smithion factory workers were $0.682{\pm}0.189\;{\Delta}pH/hr,\;0.775{\pm}0.160\;{\Delta}pH/hr,\;0.754{\pm}0.123\;{\Delta}pH/hr,\;and\;0.691{\pm}0.082\;{\Delta}pH/hr,\;0.756{\pm}0.117\;{\Delta}pH/hr,\;0.739{\pm}0.117\;{\Delta}pH/hr$. And significant decreses in blood cholinesterase activities were existed among orchard workers and smithion factory workers compared with control group. 4, The urinary para-nitrophenol excretions of orchard workers, rice plant workers and smithion factory workers were $1.33{\pm}0.66mg/liter,\;1.19{\pm}0.88mg/liter\;and\;1.37{\pm}0.67mg/liter$ and there were no significant difference between exposed groups and control group. 5. The clinical symptoms complained during and after organophosphorus insecticides exposure were frequently ranked by headache (67.7%) and vertigo (64.5%) and muscular ataxia and weakness (51.6%).

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.384-392
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• 1995

Steady-state sublimation vapour pressures of anhydrous bismuth trichloride have been measured by the continuous gravimetric Knudsen effusion method from 370.6 to 488.8 K. Additional effusion measurements have also been made from 438.2 to 495.7 K by the torsion effusion method. Based on a correlation of ${\Delta}_H0298$.15 and ${\Delta}_H0298$.15, a recommended p(T) equation has been obtained for BiCl3(s); log(p/Pa)=－C/(T/K)－2.838log(T/K)－8.097${\times}$10-2(K/T)2＋22.588, where p is in Pa, T in Kelvin and ${\Delta}_H0298$.15 in kJmo1-1 and C=(${\Delta}_H0298$.15＋5.9988)/1.9146${\times}$10-2. Condensation coefficients and their temperature dependence have been derived from the effusion measurements.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.571-575
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• 1995

Transition temperature$(T_m)$ and $enthalpy({\Delta}H)$ were examined by means of DSC to obtain basic information on heat stability of skin tissue collagen. From DSC properties of insoluble collagen on hydration time and moisture content, it was found that moisture content had more effect on structural stability of collagen than hydration time. As moisture content increased, $({\Delta}H)$ increased while $(T_m)$ decreased. DSC properties of acetone dried skin on the variation of age and sex showed higher heat stability in case of male rat and heat stability seemed to be connected with age, as $(T_m)$ and $({\Delta}H)$increased with age. Meanwhile, DSC properties of salt soluble collagen showed higher values in female rat than in male rat, and the $(T_m)$ and $({\Delta}H)$ decreased significantly with age in female rat. These results seemed to suggest indirectly that collagen structure varied with age or sex in the same tissue.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.253-258
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• 2012

Activated magnetite ($Fe_3O_{4-{\delta}}$) was applied to reducing $CO_2$ gas emissions to avoid greenhouse effects. Wet and dry methods were developed as a $CO_2$ removal process. One of the typical dry methods is $CO_2$ decomposition using activated magnetite ($Fe_3O_{4-{\delta}}$). Generally, $Fe_3O_{4-{\delta}}$ is manufactured by reduction of $Fe_3O_4$ by $H_2$ gas. This process has an explosion risk. Therefore, a non-explosive process to make $Fe_3O_{4-{\delta}}$ was studied using $FeC_2O_4{\cdot}2H_2O$ and $N_2$. $FeSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$ and $(NH_4)_2C_2O_4{\cdot}H_2O$ were used as starting materials. So, ${\alpha}-FeC_2O_4{\cdot}2H_2O$ was synthesized by precipitation method. During the calcination process, $FeC_2O_4{\cdot}2H_2O$ was decomposed to $Fe_3O_4$, CO, and $CO_2$. The specific surface area of the activated magnetite varied with the calcination temperature from 15.43 $m^2/g$ to 9.32 $m^2/g$. The densities of $FeC_2O_4{\cdot}2H_2O$ and $Fe_3O_4$ were 2.28 g/$cm^3$ and 5.2 g/$cm^3$, respectively. Also, the $Fe_3O_4$ was reduced to $Fe_3O_{4-{\delta}}$ by CO. From the TGA results in air of the specimen that was calcined at $450^{\circ}C$ for three hours in $N_2$ atmosphere, the ${\delta}$-value of $Fe_3O_{4-{\delta}}$ was estimated. The ${\delta}$-value of $Fe_3O_{4-{\delta}}$ was 0.3170 when the sample was heat treated at $400^{\circ}C$ for 3 hours and 0.6583 when the sample was heat treated at $450^{\circ}C$ for 3 hours. $Fe_3O_{4-{\delta}}$ was oxidized to $Fe_3O_4$ when $Fe_3O_{4-{\delta}}$ was reacted with $CO_2$ because $CO_2$ is decomposed to C and $O_2$.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.516-521
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• 1989

Reaction between the $N_2O_2-type$ tetradentate ligand, ethylenediamine-N,N'-di-S-${\alpha}$-isobutylacetic acid (SS-emiba) and $RhCl_3{\cdot}3H_2O$ has yielded ${\Delta}-s-cis-\;and\;{\wedge}-uns-cis-[Rh(SS-eniba)Cl_2]-$. ${\Delta}-s-cis-[Rh(SS-eniba)Cl_2]^-$ has been utilized to react with S-methyl-L-cystcine(Smc) to give ${\Delta}-s-cis-[Rh(SS-eniba(Smc)]^+$. The oxidation of ${\Delta}-s-cis-[Rh(SS-eniba(Smc)]^+$ using $H_2O_2$ has produced ${\Delta}-s-cis-[Rh(SS-eniba)(Smc-o)]^+$, in which the coordinated sulfur has been converted into the sulfoxide group. In a separate series of experiments the S-methyl-L-cysteine is oxidized by $H_2O_2$ to give S-methyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide, which is then coordinated to ${\Delta}-s-cis-[Rh(SS-eniba)Cl2]^-$ to make the standard complet of ${\Delta}-s-cis-[Rh(SS-eniba)(Sme-o)]+$ for comparison with the complex obtained from the oxidation of ${\Delta}-s-cis-[Rh(SS-eniba)(Smc)]^+\;by\;H_2O_2.$

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.447-450
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• 1994

Rate of hydrolysis ethylene phosphate, dimethylphosphate and hydroxyethylmethylphosphate in neutral water have been measured. Hydrolysis of ethylene phosphate proceeds with P-0 bond cleavage $(k_{obs}=3{\times}10^{-7}s^{-1}\;at\;100^{\circ}C,\;{\Delta}H{\neq}=24\;kcal,\;{\Delta}S{\neq}=25.5\;eu)$. In constrast, hydrolysis of dimethylphosphate proceeds with C-O bond cleavage $(k_{obs}=3{\times}10^{-7}s^{-1}\;at\;150^{\circ}C)$. The rate constant for P-O bond cleavage of dimethylphosphate is estimated at $1{\times}10^{-11}s^{-1}\;at\;150^{\circ}C,\;({\Delta}H{\neq}=36\;kcal,\;{\Delta}S{\neq}=25.5\;eu)$. A phosphodiesterase catalyzed hydrolysis of dimethylphosphate is $10^{17}$ times faster than the simple water rate. The observed rate of hydrolysis of hydroxyethylmethylphosphate is comparable to that of dimethylphosphate indicating C-O bond cleavage $(k_{obs}=6{\times}10^{-7}s^{-1}\;at\;150^{\circ}C)$.

• Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2009

Let B(X) denote the algebra of operators on a complex Banach space X, H(X) = {h ${\in}$ B(X) : h is hermitian}, and J(X) = {x ${\in}$ B(X) : x = $x_1$ + $ix_2$, $x_1$ and $x_2$ ${\in}$ H(X)}. Let ${\delta}_a$ ${\in}$ B(B(X)) denote the derivation ${\delta}_a$ = ax - xa. If J(X) is an algebra and ${\delta}_a^{-1}(0){\subseteq}{\delta}_{a^*}^{-1}(0)$ for some $a{\in}J(X)$, then ${\parallel}a{\parallel}{\leq}{\parallel}a-(x^*x-xx^*){\parallel}$ for all $x{\in}J(X){\cap}{\delta}_a^{-1}(0)$. The cases J(X) = B(H), the algebra of operators on a complex Hilbert space, and J(X) = $C_p$, the von Neumann-Schatten p-class, are considered.

• Journal of the Chungcheong Mathematical Society
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.85-101
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• 2004

Let A be a Hopf algebra with a linear form ${\sigma}:k{\rightarrow}A{\otimes}A$, which is convolution invertible, such that ${\sigma}_{21}({\Delta}{\otimes}id){\tau}({\sigma}(1))={\sigma}_{32}(id{\otimes}{\Delta}){\tau}({\sigma}(1))$. We define Hopf algebras, ($A_{\sigma}$, m, u, ${\Delta}_{\sigma}$, ${\varepsilon}$, $S_{\sigma}$). If B and C are opposite skew copaired Hopf algebras and $A=B{\otimes}_kC$ then we find Hopf algebras, ($A_{[{\sigma}]}$, $m_B{\otimes}m_C$, $u_B{\otimes}u_C$, ${\Delta}_{[{\sigma}]}$, ${\varepsilon}B{\otimes}{\varepsilon}_C$, $S_{[{\sigma}]}$). Let H be a finite dimensional commutative Hopf algebra with dual basis $\{h_i\}$ and $\{h_i^*\}$, and let $A=H^{op}{\otimes}H^*$. We show that if we define ${\sigma}:k{\rightarrow}H^{op}{\otimes}H^*$ by ${\sigma}(1)={\sum}h_i{\otimes}h_i^*$ then ($A_{[{\sigma}]}$, $m_A$, $u_A$, ${\Delta}_{[{\sigma}]}$, ${\varepsilon}_A$, $S_{[{\sigma}]}$) is the dual space of Drinfeld double, $D(H)^*$, as Hopf algebra.