• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• v.27 no.1_2
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• pp.205-215
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• 2009

Sufficient conditions for the existence of at least one solution of the boundary value problems for higher order nonlinear difference equations $\{{{{{\Delta^n}x(i-1)=f(i,x(i),{\Delta}x(i),{\cdots},\Delta^{n-2}x(i)),i{\in}[1,T+1],\atop%20{\Delta^m}x(0)=0,m{\in}[0,n-3],}\atop%20\Delta^{n-2}x(0)=\phi(\Delta^{n-1}(0)),}\atop%20\Delta^{n-1}x(T+1)=-\psi(\Delta^{n-2}x(T+1))}\$. are established.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.53-58
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• 1995

Heats of solution of aniline (AN), benzylamine (BA), ethyl-(EBS) and 2-phenylethyl benzenesulfonates (PEB) are calorimetrically measured in acetonitrile-methanol mixtures at 25.0 $^{\circ}C$. The activation parameters, ${\Delta}H^{\neq}$, ${\Delta}S^{\neq}$ and ${\Delta}G^{\neq}$, are determined for the reactions of EBS and PEB with AN and BA using the kinetic data at three temperatures. Calorimetric transfer enthalpies of initial state, ${\delta}H_t^{0{\rightarrow}x})$(IS), and kinetically derived activation enthalpies, ${\delta}\;{\Delta}H^{\neq}$, in the MeCN-MeOH mixtures are combined to determine the transfer enthalpies of transition state, ${\delta}H_t^{0{\rightarrow}x})$(TS); ${\delta}H_t^{0{\rightarrow}x})$(IS) = ${\delta}{\Delta}H^{\neq}\;+\;{\delta}H_t^{0{\rightarrow}x}$(IS) The preferential solvation of anionic charge in the TS predicts a loose TS with a greater degree of bond cleavage for the reactions of PEB than for EBS, and also for the reactions with BA compared to the reactions with AN.

• Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.777-789
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• 2016

In this paper, we establish some new oscillation criteria for the second-order forced nonlinear functional dynamic equations with damping term $$(r(t)x^{\Delta}(t))^{\Delta}+q({\sigma}(t))x^{\Delta}(t)+p(t)f(x({\tau}(t)))=e(t)$$, and $$(r(t)x^{\Delta}(t))^{\Delta}+q(t)x^{\Delta}(t)+p(t)f(x({\sigma}(t)))=e(t)$$, on a time scale ${\mathbb{T}}$, where r(t), p(t) and q(t) are real-valued right-dense continuous (rd-continuous) functions [1] defined on ${\mathbb{T}}$ with p(t) < 0 and ${\tau}:{\mathbb{T}}{\rightarrow}{\mathbb{T}}$ is a strictly increasing differentiable function and ${\lim}_{t{\rightarrow}{\infty}}{\tau}(t)={\infty}$. No restriction is imposed on the forcing term e(t) to satisfy Kartsatos condition. Our results generalize and extend some pervious results [5, 8, 10, 11, 12] and can be applied to some oscillation problems that not discussed before. Finally, we give some examples to illustrate our main results.

• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.1025-1037
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• 2018

We consider an ill-posed problem for the heat equation $u_{xx}=u_t$ in the quarter plane {x > 0, t > 0}. We propose a new method to compute the heat flux $h(t)=u_x(1,t)$ from the boundary temperature g(t) = u(1, t). The operator $g{\mapsto}h=Hg$ is unbounded in $L^2({\mathbb{R}})$, so we approximate h(t) by $h_{\delta}(t)=u_x(1+{\delta},\;t)$, ${\delta}{\rightarrow}0$. When noise is present, the data is $g_{\epsilon}$ leading to a corresponding heat $h_{{\delta},{\epsilon}}$. We obtain an estimate of the error ${\parallel}h-h_{{\delta},{\epsilon}}{\parallel}$, as well as the error when $h_{{\delta},{\epsilon}}$ is approximated by the trapezoidal rule. With an a priori choice rule ${\delta}={\delta}({\epsilon})$ and ${\tau}={\tau}({\epsilon})$, the step size of the trapezoidal rule, the main theorem gives the error of the heat flux as a function of noise level ${\epsilon}$. Numerical examples show that the proposed method is effective and stable.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.239-247
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• 1994

Background: T cell mediated immunity is important in the defense mechanism of tuberculosis. Since ${\gamma}{\delta}$ T cell receptor was found to react with 65 kD heat shock protein of M.tuberculosis, there have been some reports on the role of ${\gamma}{\delta}$ T cells in the defense against M.tuberculosis. But until now, the role of the ${\gamma}{\delta}$ T cells in tuberculosis is not clear. Methods: We therefore measured the percentage of ${\gamma}{\delta}$ T cells of peripheral blood by flowcytometry before and after stimulation with Con-A, PPD and H37Ra lysate and compared between tuberculosis patients and healthy controls. Results: ${\gamma}{\delta}$ T cells of pheripheral blood in pulmonary tuberculosis patients was $7.5{\pm}5.2%$, showing no difference compared with healthy control($10.0{\pm}4.8%$). But IL-2R(+) ${\gamma}{\delta}$ T cells were higher in tuberculosis compared with healthy control($4.8{\pm}5.1%$ vs. $1.8{\pm}2.8%$). After stimulation with PPD or Con-A, the percentage of ${\gamma}{\delta}$ T cells showed no significant change, but IL-2R(+) ${\gamma}{\delta}$ T cells increased significantly in both tuberculosis($17.9{\pm}13.4%,\;57.6{\pm}20.2%$ respectively) and healthy control group($11.5{\pm}9.1%,\;80.8{\pm}9.3%$). After stimulation with H37Ra lysate, percentage of ${\gamma}{\delta}$ T cells showed increasing tendency in healthy control group, but it was not statistically significant. Conclusion: In this study, we could not demonstrate the role of ${\gamma}{\delta}$ T cells in the peripheral blood of pulmonary tuberculosis. It is suggested that further studies will be needed in the regional sites of M.tuberculosis infection.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.1484-1493
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• 2004

In this study, it induced to a conclusion below by experiment consideration to regarding an effective supercooling ends method of the flow cooling water in a tube of continuous ice making method and the static cooling water in a tube of continuous ice making method which used magneticfluid in a dynamic type ice storage system. Continuous ice making in a tube of the flow cooling water was shortened about 12 minutes until supercooling ends that case which gave vertical eccentricity rotation magnetic field 120rpm than did not provide magnetic field by experimental result that was tested to supercooling ends effect from shape control of magneticfluid. Continuous ice making method in a tube of the static cooling water compared with and reviewed the case that was not provided with the magnetic field and exposed cooling surface instantaneously by magnetic field. It confirmed that supercooling degree $\Delta$ $T_{c}$, $\Delta$ $T_{s}$, and $\Delta$ $T_{w}$ became lower because of heat transfering increasing by the occurrence of natural convection between after cooling starting progress time 1∼3 minutes if it did not give a magnetic field, and peformed the supercooling ends when natural convection occurred confirmed that refrigerating capacity was better. That relation $\Delta$ $T_{c}$, and $t_{e}$/($\Delta$ $T_{c}$-$\Delta$ $T_{s}$) after convection occurred, was not depended on $T_{b}$ and initial temperature if the depth of water and thickness of magneticfluid were regular and it was possible to verify conjecture of tp from $\Delta$ $T_{s}$ and $\Delta$ $T_{c}$.lar and it was possible to verify conjecture of tp from $\Delta$ $T_{s}$ and $\Delta$ $T_{c}$.c}$.>.

• Journal of Oriental Medical Thermology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.46-58
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• 2006

Purpose: We intended to observe the relations between Chiljehyangbuhwan and abdominal & palmar temperature according to primary dysmenorrhea severity. Methods: We selected the 100 primary dysmenorrhea patients by the screening tests (first screening test-inquiry, second screening test-clinical test. additionally WHR (Waist-to-Hip ratio) by Inbody 2.0). By the fixed blocked randomization and double blind method, Chiljehyangbuhwan or placebo was administered for 1 menstration period. Finally, 69 patients remainded. Before and after administration, we measured 4 points abdominal temperature (Chon-jung (CV17), Chung-wan(CV12), Kwan-won(CV4). Chung-guk(CV3)) by DITI(DOREX Inc., USA). And then we checked the difference of temperature $({\Delta}T)$ between CV17 and CV12/CV17 and CV4/CV17 and CV3/CV12 and CV4/CV12 and CV3. Also, we measured 2 points (palmar region, upper front of forearm) for the difference of palmar temperature $({\Delta}T)$. Then, we checked palmar temperature minus upper front of forearm temperature and took an average of right and left ${\Delta}T.$ After that. we compared ${\Delta}T$ with primary dysmenorrhea severity evaluated by VRS (verbal rating scale) and MVRS (multidimensional verbal rating scale). In dysmenorrhea severity. we standardized scale score and 3-group-severity by score (mild, moderate. severe). Besides, we compared palmar ${\Delta}T$ with abdominal ${\Delta}T$. For statistics, we used ANOVA and Spearman's rho correlations. SPSS 13.0 for windows. Results: In case of MVRS, though Chiljehyangbuhwan was correlated to abdominal ${\Delta}T$(CV12 and CV3/CV12 and CV4). it was not correlated to palmar ${\Delta}T$. In case of VRS, though Chiljehyangbuhwan was not correlated to abdominal ${\Delta}T$. it was correlated to palmar ${\Delta}T$. However. palmar ${\Delta}T$ was not correlated to abdominal ${\Delta}T$. Statistically they showed significant result (p<0.05). Conclusion: The primary dysmenorrhea patients showed that severity by MVRS was connected with abdominal ${\Delta}T$ (CV12 and CV3/CV12 and CV4) and severity by VRS was connected with palmar ${\Delta}T$ after Chiljehyangbuhwan administration. So we can consider Chiljehyangbuhwan partially effects the abdominal & palmar temperature according primary dysmenorrhea severity. However, palmar temperature was not correlated to abdominal temperature. Therefore, we need further study.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.186-191
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• 1987

In this paper, we suggest the simple and practical direct simulation method for the system reliability calculation In the aspect of system unavailability calculation, this method can simplify the calculation process by applying the hard-wired system fault tree. For the calculation purpose, we use the ESCAF which is developed by Mr. Laviron in France. As a consequence, we estimate the unavailability of OP$\Delta$T & OT$\Delta$T channel in W PWR plants as a value of 8.17576$\times$10$^{-9}$ from IEEE std. 500-1977's reference data. In our calculation, the processing time is no more than 25 sec.

• New Physics: Sae Mulli
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• v.68 no.12
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• pp.1293-1301
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• 2018

The basic magnetic properties of commercially available High-$T_c$ Superconductor (HTS) GdBCO-coated conductor (GdBCO-CCs) were investigated by using physical property measurement system-vibrating sample magnetometer (PPMS-VSM). From the zero-field-cooled (ZFC) m(T) curve, the $T_c$ was found to be ~93 K. After removing the background m(H) data, we obtained both the net m(H) data and the ${\Delta}m_{irr}$. The $H_{irr}(T)$ coincided very well with the power-law relation $H_{irr}=H_{irr}(0)(1-T/T_c)^n$ with $$n{\sim_=}1.19$$. The magnetic flux behavior was investigated by using the ${\delta}$ values in the relationship $J_c{\propto}{\Delta}m_{irr}{\propto}H^{-{\delta}}$. A ${\delta}{\approx}0$ region denoting an independent magnetic flux pinning effect, a ${\delta}{\approx}0.6{\sim}1.2$ region representing a collective flux pinning effect due to the interaction, and a ${\delta}{\gg}2$ region representing freely moving magnetic fluxes caused by the Lorentz force were observed. The boundary line between ${\delta}{\approx}0$ and ${\delta}{\approx}0.6{\sim}1.2$ is denoted by a $H_1$, and the one between ${\delta}{\approx}0.6{\sim}1.2$ and ${\delta}{\gg}2$ is denoted by a $H_2$. The ${\delta}(T)$ was obtained in the region of $H_1$ < H < $H_2$. As the temperature was decreased, the ${\delta}$ value gradually decreased.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.929-967
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• 2016

Let p(t, x) be the fundamental solution to the problem $${\partial}^{\alpha}_tu=-(-{\Delta})^{\beta}u,\;{\alpha}{\in}(0,2),\;{\beta}{\in}(0,{\infty})$$. If ${\alpha},{\beta}{\in}(0,1)$, then the kernel p(t, x) becomes the transition density of a Levy process delayed by an inverse subordinator. In this paper we provide the asymptotic behaviors and sharp upper bounds of p(t, x) and its space and time fractional derivatives $$D^n_x(-{\Delta}_x)^{\gamma}D^{\sigma}_tI^{\delta}_tp(t,x),\;{\forall}n{\in}{\mathbb{Z}}_+,\;{\gamma}{\in}[0,{\beta}],\;{\sigma},{\delta}{\in}[0,{\infty})$$, where $D^n_x$ x is a partial derivative of order n with respect to x, $(-{\Delta}_x)^{\gamma}$ is a fractional Laplace operator and $D^{\sigma}_t$ and $I^{\delta}_t$ are Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative and integral respectively.