• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.259-264
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• 2011

Does preferred hand show better performance than non-preferred hand in smart phone text entry using one hand. Is the performance of subjects who use left-preferred hand in smart phone text entry worse than that of others who use right preferred hand among the right handed. This study tried to address these two questions. Thirty young male undergraduate students typed a text using a smart phone which has a touch-based QWERTY keyboard two times with both hands, right and left hand, respectively. The completion time, errors were measured in the text entry tasks. All of participants were right handed, but half of them preferred right hand if they have to use one hand in smart phone text entry and other half preferred left hand. The percentage that preferred hand has better performance than non-preferred hand in smart phone text entry using one hand is less than 90% for right-preferred hand and less than 70% for left-preferred hand. The performance of left hand preferred students is not worse than that of the right hand preferred in one hand text entry of smart phone.

• Educational Technology International
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.49-77
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• 2012

The development of mobile devices and network technology is changing the ways in which people communicate with one another. Mobile text message has emerged as one of the most frequently used form of communication, which also gave rise to various non-verbal texts such as emoticons. Nonetheless, the use of text messages has largely been denied in education because text messages often involve colloquial and non-verbal texts considered inappropriate or grammatically incorrect by the teacher. In efforts to provide a theoretical framework to better understand mobile e-text communication, this research compared the practical usages of non-verbal texts in the mobile e-learning environment. The study developed three types of text messages according to the degree of using non-verbal texts and their phraseology as instructors' messages, which were then distributed to 259 students via mobile text messaging. The perceptions of students were analyzed using a semantic differential scale and a questionnaire. The results showed clear differences in students' perceptions of non-verbal text and traditional text, and that optimally designed non-verbal texts turned out to encourage the students' interaction the most out of the three types of text messages. Following the discussion of the results, an expanded theoretical framework beyond Ong's concepts of orality and literacy is also suggested to understand the evolution of mobile e-text communication in education.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.6080-6096
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• 2019

Text classification is one of the fundamental techniques in natural language processing. Numerous studies are based on text classification, such as news subject classification, question answering system classification, and movie review classification. Traditional text classification methods are used to extract features and then classify them. However, traditional methods are too complex to operate, and their accuracy is not sufficiently high. Recently, convolutional neural network (CNN) based one-hot method has been proposed in text classification to solve this problem. In this paper, we propose an improved method using CNN based skip-gram method for Chinese text classification and it conducts in Sogou news corpus. Experimental results indicate that CNN with the skip-gram model performs more efficiently than CNN-based one-hot method.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.22 no.11
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• pp.319-323
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• 2022

Handwritten text recognition is one of the active research areas nowadays. The progress in this field differs in every language. For example, the progress in Arabic handwritten text recognition is still insignificant and needs more attentions and efforts. One of the most important fields in this is Arabic handwritten manuscript text recognition which focuses in extracting text from historical manuscripts. For eons, ancients used manuscripts to write everything. Nowadays, there are millions of manuscripts all around the world. There are two main challenges in dealing with these manuscripts. The first one is that they are at the risk of damage since they are written in primitive materials, the second challenge is due to the difference in writing styles, hence most people are unable to read these manuscripts easily. Therefore, we discuss in this study different papers that are related to this important research field.

• Journal of Information Science Theory and Practice
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.15-34
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• 2021

Text clustering is one of the most commonly used methods for detecting themes or types of documents. Text clustering is used in many fields, but its effectiveness is still not sufficient to be used for the understanding of Arabic text, especially with respect to terms extraction, unsupervised feature selection, and clustering algorithms. In most cases, terms extraction focuses on nouns. Clustering simplifies the understanding of an Arabic text like the text of the Quran; it is important not only for Muslims but for all people who want to know more about Islam. This paper discusses the complexity and limitations of Arabic text clustering in the Quran based on their themes. Unsupervised feature selection does not consider the relationships between the selected features. One weakness of clustering algorithms is that the selection of the optimal initial centroid still depends on chances and manual settings. Consequently, this paper reviews literature about the three major stages of Arabic clustering: terms extraction, unsupervised feature selection, and clustering. Six experiments were conducted to demonstrate previously un-discussed problems related to the metrics used for feature selection and clustering. Suggestions to improve clustering of the Quran based on themes are presented and discussed.

• IE interfaces
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.329-335
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• 2009

Recently, the use of soft-keyboard is widespread and increases, because various handheld devices were developed such as PDA, navigation, mobile phones with enhanced competence of touchscreen. The use of soft-keyboard requires different characteristics compared to traditional hard-keyboard like QWERTY keyboard: no standard character layout, one finger entry, and cognitive processing time. In this study, therefore, the optimal soft-keyboard layout for one finger text entry in touchscreen environment was investigated among 6 keyboard layouts which were developed based on traditional characteristic of Korean text and the usage frequency of both vowels and consonants. As a result, the interface with Korean text invention order like 'ㄱㄴㄷㄹ' or 'ㅏㅑㅓㅕㅕ' was found to be better than the interface with usage frequency-based arrangement. Especially the vowels were most efficient when separated into two parts; located at the right-hand side and at right below the consonants. In conclusion, the keyboard layout with regard to the Korean text characteristic and the invention order was a more effective layout resulted from the minimum cognitive processing time.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.57 no.5
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• pp.871-887
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• 2011

In Lacanian terms, the real, which is a non-representative Ding an sich, is indirectly approachable only in and through language. This 'speaking of the real' is made possible through a restoration of the missing link between one signifier, S1 and another signifier, S₂, as is manifested in the Lacanian formula of metaphor. In Freudian terms of textual metaphor, the missing link is restored by substituting a new edition for an old edition of one's historical text of life. This is what this essay means by the metaphorical/dualistic structure of the analytic/literary text. And this is a way of talking about an intertextuality between literature and psychoanalysis in the sense of the 'text as psyche' and the 'psyche as text.' Applying the 'signifying substitution' to the Oedipus complex, the Oedipal child can find a meaning(s), "my erotic indulgement with my Mom is wrong" by metaphorically substituting S₂: the Name of the Father for S1: the Desire of the Mother. This meaning leads to the constitution of the human subject and the formation of the incest taboo, one of the most significant distinctive features of the human being as distinguished from the animals. We can see a similar metaphorical structure of S1-S2 taking place in the literary texts such as Macbeth and "Dover Beach": in the course of the stage of life being substituted for the primal scene in the former, and the plain of Tucydides for a bed scene in the latter, respectively.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.32 no.9
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• pp.912-919
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• 2005

When we apply binary classification to multi-class classification for text categorization, we use the One-Against-All method generally, However, this One-Against-All method has a problem. That is, documents of a negative set are not labeled by human. Thus, they can include many noisy documents in the training data. In this paper, we propose that the Sliding Window technique and the EM algorithm are applied to binary text classification for solving this problem. We here improve binary text classification through extracting noise documents from the training data by the Sliding Window technique and re-assigning categories of these documents using the EM algorithm.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.79-84
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• 1991

We construct one-way function based on a finite ring. One-way function in this paper means that to find the inverse of the function is hard computationally. We have used the extension of group action to construct this function and applied it to encipher the given plain text. To decipher the enciphered text generated by this function is considerd\ed a hard problem. but not impossible theoretically. However, a successful enciphering system. for example, RSA system which depends on the difficulty of factoring, need not have mathematically perfectness.

• Journal of the HCI Society of Korea
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 2006

Most of the commercialized wearable text input devices are wrist-worn keyboards that have adopted the minimization method of reducing keys. Generally, a drastic key reduction in order to achieve sufficient wearability increases KSPC(Keystrokes per Character), decreases text entry performance, and requires additional effort to learn a new typing method. We are faced with wearability-usability tradeoff problems in designing a good wearable keyboard. To address this problem, we introduced a new keyboard minimization method of reducing key pitch. From a series of empirical studies, we found the potential of a new method which has a keyboard with a 7mm key pitch, good wearability and social acceptance in terms of physical form factors, and allows users to type 15.0WPM in 3 session trials. However, participants point out that a lack of passive haptic feedback in keying action and visual feedback on users' input deteriorate the text entry performance. We have developed the One-key Keyboard that addresses this problem. The traditional desktop keyboard has one key per character, but the One-key Keyboard has only one key ($70mm{\times}35mm$) on which a 10*5 QWERTY key array is printed. The One-key Keyboard detects the position of the fingertip at the time of the keying event and figures out the character entered. We conducted a text entry performance test comprised of 5 sessions. The participants typed 18.9WPM with a 6.7% error rate over all sessions and achieved up to 24.5WPM. From the experiment's results, the One-key Keyboard was evaluated as a potential text input device for wearable computing, balancing wearability, social acceptance, input speed, and learnability.