In this study, we investigated antioxidant capacity and determined the phenolic and flavonoid contents using each of various solvent conditions from fermented Rhus verniciflua stem bark (F-RVS). Each extracts displayed markedly similar content of extraction yield. However, M80 extract showed a significantly higher antioxidant activity in comparison to other extract investigated. M80 exhibited strong DPPH radical scavenging activity with $RC_{50}$ value of $10.5{\pm}1.4{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, reducing power value 1.04 Abs (concentration of 1 mg/$m{\ell}$), and anti-lipid peroxidation activity value of 94.6% (concentration of 10 mg/$m{\ell}$). M80 extract showed the high content of total phenolic (319.7 mg GAE/$m{\ell}$ extract) and total flavonoid (111.6 mg QE/$m{\ell}$ extract). Phenolic and flavonoid compounds showed significant relationship in DPPH radical scavenging ($R^2$=0.911 and 0.912, each extract) and reducing power ($R^2$=0.903 and 0.837, each extract) from fermented R. verniciflua stem bark. However, antilipid peroxidation activity ($R^2$=0.589 and 0.441, each extract) was not significant like DPPH radical scavenging and reducing power. Therefor the result indicated that the potential antioxidant activities and functional values were ovserved significantly at M80 solvent condition from the fermented R. verniciflua stem bark.

This study was conducted to investigate anti-oxidative and inflammatory inhibition effects of green tea and dietary fiber mixture on liver of high fat diet-induced obese rats. 21 male rats were divided into 3 dietary groups and control group (A), high fat diet-induced group (B), and high fat (HF) diet-induced + EQ diet-$S^{(R)}$ diet group (C). Immunoblotting and RT-PCR analysis revealed protein expression, and anti-oxidant analysis revealed MDA (malondialdehyde), GSH (glutathione), and free DPPH radical. As a results, Body weight and food consumption were not significantly different between groups. The levels of MDA and GSH were lower in HF + $EQS^{(R)}$ group than in HF group. Also, the $EQS^{(R)}$ demonstrated to be more effective than HF group for a DPPH radicals scavenging activities. In addition, protein and mRNA level of TNF-$\alpha$ in HF + $EQS^{(R)}$ group showed relatively more potent pro-inflammatory activity inhibition compared to HF group. These results suggest that green tea mixture (EQ diet-$S^{(R)}$) provide positive effects on anti-oxidative and inflammatory inhibition effects on obese animal model or obesity related diseases.

The present study was conducted to investigate the anti-allergic reaction with Glycyrrhiza uralensis. We examined cell viability, $\beta$-hexosaminidase release, IL-4 and IL-13 mRNA expression from RBL-2H3 cell after pre-treatment with 0, 100, 250, 500, 1000${\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of Glycyrrhiza uralensis water extracts. Effects of Glycyrrhiza uralensis on the degranulation and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13) expression were evaluated with $\beta$-hexosaminidase assay, and RT-PCR analysis. We observed that Glycyrrhiza uralensis concentrations from 100${\mu}g/m{\ell}$ to 1000${\mu}g/m{\ell}$ had no effect on cell survival. The release of $\beta$-hexosaminidase decreased significantly with all concentrations of Glycyrrhiza uralensis extracts. The expression of the IL-4 and IL-13 mRNA were decreased by Glycyrrhiza uralensis in dose-dependent manner. These results that Glycyrrhiza uralensis has an anti-histamin effects and controls IL-4, IL-13 secretion on allergic reaction.

In the present study, the antinociceptive profiles of Viola tricolor L. (V. tricolor L.) extract were examined in ICR mice. V. tricolor L. extract administered orally (200mg/kg) showed an antinociceptive effect as measured by the tail-flick and hot-plate tests. In addition, V. tricolor L. extract attenuated the writhing numbers in the acetic acid-induced writhing test. Furthermore, the cumulative nociceptive response time for intrathecal (i.t.) injection of substance P (0.7 ${\mu}g$) was diminished by V. tricolor L. extract. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) pretreatment with yohimbine (${\alpha}_2$-adrenergic receptor antagonist) attenuated antinociceptive effect induced by V. tricolor L. extract in the writhing test. However, naloxone (opioid receptor antagonist) or methysergide (5-HT serotonergic receptor antagonist) did not affect antinociception induced by V. tricolor L. extract in the writhing test. Our results suggest that V. tricolor L. extract shows an antinociceptive property in various pain models. Furthermore, this antinociceptive effect of V. tricolor L. extract may be mediated by ${\alpha}_2$-adrenergic receptor, but not opioidergic and serotonergic receptors.

It's crucial to control Alternaria blight and Anthracnose emerging mostly on ginseng leaves during the rainy season to increase the organic ginseng products. The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficay of lime-brodeaux spray on the ginseng leaves and evaluate the growth and yield of the ginseng, and the contents of ginsenoside and 70% ethanol extracts from 3-year-old ginseng variety, Cheonpoong. Lime-bordeaux sprayings were conducted in the ratio of 6-6 in June, 8-8 from July to September every 15 days. After June 10, the spraying have no effects on the growth leaf and stem, and there was no significant increase in chlorophyll contents. The ratio of intact leaf and root were distinctly increased because Alternaria blight and Anthracnose were decreased by spraying lime-bordeaux mixture. Root weight per plant and root yield were increased by 15%, and 62% in 3-year old ginseng, respectively, because the ratio of intact leaf and root were higher by using lime-bordeaux mixture. Furthermore, spraying of lime-bordeaux mixture is prone to increase the ratio of rusty root in ginseng. Spraying of lime-bordeaux mixture decreased both of the contents of ginsenoside and 70% ethanol extract by 13.7%, and 15.2% in 3-year-old ginseng, respectively.

The objectives of this study were to compare the antioxidant activities by high pressure extraction of Codonopsis lanceolata from different cultivation areas; Hoeng-sung, Jeju island, and China. Total phenolic acid contents of Hoeng-sung, Jeju, China were estimated as 732.11, 640.25, and 584.85 mg QUR/100 g DW, respectively. The flavonoids contents of Hoeng-sung, Jeju, China were measured as 80.37, 76.46, and 74.55 mg QUR/100g DW, respectively. Generally, contents of phenolic acid and flavonoids, HPE was higher than conventional extraction process. Hoeng-sung Codonopsis lanceolata showed 64.33% of DPPH radical scavenging activity (EDA, %) in 3.2 mg/$m{\ell}$ of Hoeng-sung Codonopsis lanceolata. The reducing power of Hoeng-sung cultivation area Codonopsis lanceolata also showed the high activity as 3.15. In generally, antioxidant activities of Codonopsis lanceolata were increased by high pressure extraction process. Based on these results, higher contents of flavonoids and total polyphenols were found extracted by high pressure extraction of Codonopsis lanceolata grow in Hoeng-sung area than others.

The extent of growth L. plantarum (LP), L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus (LD), L. fermentum (LF), S. thermophilus (ST), B. longum (BI) and S. cerevisiae (SA) was generally good with the lower concentration of the ginseng extract. Total sapogenin content was slightly different with kinds of a fermentation microorganism and the time of fermentation process, and generally reduced compare to before fermentation. The content of ginsenoside Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Re and Rf were decreased with the fermentation but ginsenoside Rd was increased by the E, LF and SA fermented extract. The content of compound K increased in the order of not-fermented extrac < enzyme fermented extract < enzyme and microorganism fermented extract, and as the fermented time get longer, the content of compound K was sightly increased. Especially, the content of compound K of the SA fermented extract was the most increased, also it of the BI, LD and LF fermented extract was increased, so these extract were considered a high valuable. Polyphenol content of the BI, LD, LP and ST fermented extract indicated $9.18{\pm}0.39{\sim}15.68{\pm}0.54$ mg/10 g which was lower than it of a not-fermented extract ($11.92{\pm}0.26{\sim}28.41{\pm}0.39$ mg/10 g). Flavonoid content of a ginseng fermented extract indicated $26.93{\pm}0.17{\sim}156.45{\pm}1.29$ mg/10 g, it was higher than a not-fermented extract ($18.06{\pm}0.90$ mg/10 g). As the fermented time get longer, the flavonoid content tendency to increase. DPPH radical scavenging activity of a fermented ginseng extract was $24.11{\pm}1.41{\sim}55.62{\pm}0.33%$, it was slightly lower compared to a natural antioxidant, vitamin C. But it of the LF and ST fermented extract was similar to a natural antioxidant, vitamin C. It has not a concerned in a fermentation. Nitrite scavenging ability of a 24 hr fermented extract was above 80% at pH 2.5 and 4.2, it was similar to an artificial antioxidant, BHT ($84.76{\pm}0.13%$; pH2.5, $84.98{\pm}0.11%$; pH 4.2). It has not a concerned in a fermentation. SOD-like activity of a fermented extract was lower than that of a not-fermented extract ($19.22{\pm}0.51%$), but it of the E and LP-fermented extract was a very highly notable value. As the fermented time get longer, the SOD-like activity tendency to increase.

There is a considerable difference in morphological traits between Bokbunja cultivated in Korea (KCB) and Korea native Rubus coreanus, contrary to the conviction that the cultivated Bokbunja is the domestication of R. coreanus. To infer the phylogenetic relationship of KCB with other Rubus species, we compared the chloroplast DNA spacers of KCB with those of several Rubus species including black raspberry, R. occidentalis. The three chloroplast DNA spacers, atpB~rbcL, trnL~trnF, and trnT~trnL, were amplified using the specific primer pairs and converted to Single Strand Conformational Polymorphism (SSCP) markers. The SSCP makers of the chloroplast DNA spacers showed a considerable variation both within and among Rubus species. In the phylogenetic tree generated by the SSCP markers, KCB accessions were located in the same clade with R. occidentalis, but R. coreanus accessions in the different clade. Also, in the phylogenetic tree by the nucleotide sequences of the chloroplast DNA spacer trnL~trnF, KCB located in the same clade with R. occidentalis but not with R. coreanus. These results suggest that the three KCB accessions share higher similarity with R. occidentalis than with R. coreanus in the three chloroplast DNA spacers.

The study result survey platycodon cultivation regions of Jinju(2), Sacheon(4), Hapcheon(3), Haman(3), and Sancheong(3) of Gyongnam regarding chemical properties of soil, inorganic nitrogen phosphorus by type of composition is as follows: pH and EC value were highest where platycodon cultivated for under 3 years in soils. Content of O.M equal to or less than 25 mg $kg^{-1}$, the average value for platycodoncultivation in korea. Content of exchangeable calcium in soils were 12, 14 $cmol^+kg^{-1}$ in Hapcheon and Haman regions where platycodon was cultivated for two years which is 2~3 time higher level compared with the average upland soil of korea. Water solution boron confirmed approximated level of 3.0 mg $kg^{-1}$ in all survey regions, and the finding is about five times higher than average upland soil of korea which is 0.5 mg $kg^{-1}$. In the case of nitrogen, a significant difference was found depending on cultivation regions and continuous culture. Content of nitrogen in soils were difference according to cultivation area and continuous culture. The composition ratio according to the type of inorganic phosphorus showed the highest in order of Al-P > Ca-P > Fe-P > Saloid-P in all survey regions except for Hapcheon (five, seven years cultivated soils). The correlation showed high significance between available phosphate and inorganic phosphorus.