Objectives: This study was to investigate the anti-oxidation and anti-cancer activity of Chaga mushroom extract. Extraction condition optimization and beta-glucan analysis and anti-cancer activity tests were also done. Methods: Optimum extraction conditions for Chaga mushroom extract were at a temperature of $90^{\circ}C$ and 2hrs with 10 times of water. Extraction yield and economics were best under these conditions. Results: Anti-oxidation activity was the highest with the fraction of 100,000 MWCO and $IC_{50}$ value was $13{\mu}g/ml$ and this value was comparable to that of vitamin E, alpha-tocopherol. Among the fractions from various organic solvents, ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest anti-oxidation activity with $IC_{50}$ value of $7{\mu}g/ml$. For anti-cancer activity, chloroform fraction showed little anti-cancer activity and ethyl acetate fraction showed the best anti-cancer activity with $IC_{50}$ $1.5{\mu}g/ml$ for stomach cancer cells. Anti-cancer activities for different molecular weight fractions were the best in the fraction of molecular weight less than 100,000Da, and $IC_{50}$ values for stomach cancer cells and liver cancer cells were 1.7 and $1.4{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. Conclusions: From these results, we can conclude that the extract of Chaga mushroom could be a good source for functional food and natural anti-cancer medicine.

Objectives: Trans-cinnamaldehyde (TCA) is the main component of Cinnamomi Ramulus and it has been reported that TCA inhibits inflammatory responses in various cell types. Inflammation-mediated neurological disorders induce the activation of macrophages such as microglia in brain, and these activated macrophages release various inflammation-related molecules, which can be neurotoxic if overproduced. In this study, we evaluated gene expression profiles using gene chip microarrays in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV-2 cells to investigate the antiinflammatory effect of TCA on inflammatory responses in brain microglia. Methods: A negative control group was cultured in normal medium and a positive control group was stimulated with $1{\mu}g/ml$ in the absence of TCA. TCA group was pretreated with $10{\mu}g/ml$ before $1{\mu}g/ml$ LPS stimulation. The oligonucleotide microarray analysis was performed to obtain the expression profiles of 28,853 genes using gene chip mouse gene 1.0 ST array in this study. Results: In positive control group, 1522 probe sets were up-regulated in the condition of the cutoff value of 1.5-fold change and 341 genes with Unigene ID were retrieved. In TCA group, 590 probe sets were down-regulated from among 1522 probe sets and 33 genes with Unigene ID were retrieved, which included 6 inflammation-related genes. We found out that Id3 gene is associated with transforming growth factor-${\beta}$ (TGF-${\beta}$) signaling pathway and Klra8 gene is related to natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity pathway. Conclusions: The results mean that TCA inhibits inflammatory responses through down-regulating the expressions of inflammation-related genes in LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells.

Objectives: Fatigue is a prevalent symptom encompassing both acute and chronic manifestations. Most fatigue symptoms can be cured by taking a rest or removing underlying causes. However, chronic fatigue is frequently problematic due to its duration and effect on quality of life. There are no particularly effective therapies for chronic fatigue of unknown causes, and patients in Korea usually visit an Oriental clinic. This study aimed to analyze the current status of treatments and patients with chronic fatigue, and then map out of a strategy for development of generalized-treatments for chronic fatigue in Oriental Medicine. Methods: Clinical information related to chronic fatigue was selected from various different databases such as PubMed, KoreaMed, KStudy, DBPIA, OIM, and KOMS. Also, to understand current tendency of medical examination and treatment related with chronic fatigue, we requested Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service for clinical datum from 2003 to 2007. Results: The medical fees of National Health Insurance related with fatigue show an explosive year-on-year increase. On the other hand, it has been decreasing annually in the western medical fields. To take charge of clinical fields related with chronic fatigue by Oriental Medicine, we should make a unified diagnostic system. Then, we should also make standard evaluation tools and develop herbal drugs according to this unified diagnostic system. Conclusions: Fatigue-related symptoms will be a main target of Oriental medicine in the future. We expect that various studies related with chronic fatigue will be undertaken hereafter.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the external application of paste preparation recorded in the Annals of the Chosun Dynasty (朝鮮王朝實錄) and to clarify the significance of modern use of plaster therapy. Methods: Of many paste preparations, records of All-applying ointment (萬應膏), One-great ointment (太一膏), Pain-relieving plaster (救苦膏), and Pus-promoting powder (促膿膏) were especially examined from the Annals of the Chosun Dynasty. Other medical records regarding how these preparations were passed onto later generations were also studied. Results: According to the records from the Annals of the Chosun Dynasty, paste preparations were mainly used to cure abscess and sore, partly to treat pain diseases. From other medical documents, it could be found that these preparations were continuously used in subsequent eras. Conclusions: From these records, the level and features of Chosun Dynasty medicine could be speculated. It is necessary to find and restore effective paste preparations in Traditional Korean Medicine to use for treating disease today. Therefore, records from the Annals of the Chosun Dynasty are important and meaningful materials.

Objectives: Several domestic search systems for research projects providing capabilities of searching and managing the research information based on metadata have been completed, although they cannot search projects for specific domains such as the Oriental Medicine field. Therefore, in this paper we propose an effective method for collecting and refining information of research projects in the oriental medicine field. We also design and implement a search management system based on the collected information. Methods: We chose three search elements and defined the collecting process for research projects. The collected information was refined to enhance the quality of results. Then, the search management system was implemented by Adobe Flex. Results: We were able to collect 1,688 research projects in the oriental medicine field. We also implemented the search management system, which provides the functionalities of search and management such as input, update, delete, spreadsheet import/export of R&D projects, user management and access control. Conclusions: The collected information and the search management system will be used in a project analysis system which will be constructed in the future. The project analysis system could help to analyze trends in oriental medicine research as well as construct a technical roadmap.

Objective: This study examined the distribution of married couples' Sasang constitutions. Method: This study was researched clinically using medical records of 206 married couples who visited the Kyung Hee University East-West neo medical center in Seoul between May of 2006 and June of 2008. Results: 1. When a man is So-yangin, his wife's Sasang constitutional type is So-yangin 7.7%, Tae-eumin 53.8%, So-eumin 38.5%. A Tae-eumin wife is significantly more common than the other two groups. 2. When a man is Tae-eumin, his wife's Sasang constitutional type is Tae-yangin 0.9%, So-yangin 53.9%, Tae-eumin 8.7%, So-eumin 36.5%. Proportion of So-yangin wife is significantly higher than the other three groups. 3. When a man is So-eumin, his wife's Sasang constitutional type is So-yangin 61.5%, Tae-eumin 29.2%, So-eumin 9.2%. A So-yangin wife is found at a significantly higher rate than the other two groups. Conclusion: A So-yangin man is most likely to marry a Tae-eumin woman. A Tae-eumin man is most likely to marry a So-yangin woman. A So-eumin man is most likely to marry a So-yangin woman.

Objectives: To research Korean oriental medical doctors' use of uninsured herbal extracts and how to bring about the insurance coverage of such herbal extracts. Methods: We surveyed Korean oriental doctors about the following issues from October 17th to November 15th, 2008: (1) Korean oriental medical doctors' knowledge about herbal extract insurance and the circumstances of oriental medicine in Korea, (2) their opinion on the coverage of currently uninsured herbal extracts and the dispensing of herbal extracts from pharmacies rather than from their clinics, (3) their use of herbal extracts, and (4) how to bring about insurance coverage of uninsured herbal extracts. Results: Over 70% of the respondents said that herbal medicine prescriptions have been reduced recently and that the existence of herbal medicine is in danger. In addition, 63.64% respondents agreed with expanding insurance coverage to include currently uninsured herbal extracts in spite of the fact that patients might have to obtain herbal extracts from pharmacies rather than from Korean oriental medical clinics. The average patient number per month of uninsured herbal extracts was 13.64 people, the average dosage was 5.64g, the average cost per day was 3,859 won, and the average prescription period was 2.65 days. Korean oriental medical doctors asked an average of 12,486 won for the medical examination-prescription fee and 3,292 won in fees for prescriptions obtained outside the hospital. If insurance coverage expands to include these herbal extracts, their usage is expected to increase 2.31 times. Conclusions: This study shows Korean oriental medical doctors' use of herbal extracts and their opinions about execution of herbal extracts' insurance. A periodic study such as this one will hopefully aid in establishing polices for uninsured herbal extracts' insurance.

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to explore the neuroprotective effect and the possible mechanism of the PD-1 extracts on 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydrophridine (MPTP)-lesioned C57BL/6 mouse model of Parkinson's disease (PD). Methods: The mice were supplemented (or not) with 50 or 100 mg/kg/day of PD-1 for 2 weeks, after which MPTP was injected intraperitoneally. We observed that daily administration of PD-1 prevented MPTP-induced depletion of striatal DA, and maintained striatal and nigral tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) protein levels. Results: Our results demonstrated that mice treated with PD-1 prior to MPTP administration showed more abundant TH-immunopositive (TH-ir) fibers and neurons than mice given only MPTP, indicating that PD-1 protects dopaminergic striatal fibers and nigral neurons from MPTP insults. Possible neuroprotective effect of PD-1 was further studied by the detection of antiapoptotic protein (bcl-2) and proapoptotic protein (Bax). In this assay, MPTP elevated the Bax protein and decreased the bcl-2 protein, while these expressions were prevented by PD-1 pre-treatment. Conclusions: The present results suggest that PD-1 is able to protect dopaminergic neurons from MPTP-induced neuronal injury with anti-apoptotic activity being one of the possible mechanisms.

Objective: Membranous nephropathy (MN) is one of the most common causes of nephrotic syndrome in adults. However, there is not a satisfactory treatment for MN. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Houttuyniae Herba Extract (HHE) on MN induced by cationic bovine serum albumin (cBSA). Methods: Mice were divided into 4 groups. The first group, Normal, was injected with saline. The second group, Control, was treated with cBSA (10mg/kg i.p) only. The third group, HHE-250, was treated with cBSA (10mg/kg i.p) and HHE (250mg/kg, p.o). The fourth group, HHE-500, was treated with cBSA (10mg/kg i.p) and HHE (500mg/kg, p.o). After treatment for 4 weeks, we measured change of body weight, 24 hrs proteinuria, serum albumin, total cholesterol, triglyceride, BUN, creatinine, IgA, IgM, IgG, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-1${\beta}$ levels and the mRNA expression of IFN-${\gamma}$, IL-6, and IL-10. The morphologic changes of renal glomeruli were also observed with a light microscope and an electron microscope. Results: The levels of 24 hrs proteinuria and serum triglyceride, BUN, IgG, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-1${\beta}$ significantly decreased in both HHE groups, while the level of serum albumin significantly increased in both HHE groups. The mRNA expression of IFN-${\gamma}$ and IL-6 in splenocytes considerably increased in both HHE groups. The mRNA expression of IL-10 in splenocytes considerably decreased in both HHE groups. In histological findings of kidney tissue, thickening of GBM decreased in both HHE groups. Conclusions: This study shows that HHE might be effective for treatment of acute stage MN. More clinical data and studies are to be done for efficient application.

Objective: To compare the contents of heavy metals, residual pesticides and sulfur dioxide before/after a decoction. Methods: The heavy metal contents before/after a decoction were measured by inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES) and mercury analyzer. In order to analyze pesticides in 5 samples we used simultaneous multi-residue analysis of pesticides by GC/ECD, which was followed by GC/MSD analysis to confirm the identity of the detected pesticide in each sample. In addition, the contents of sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$) were performed by Monier-Williams distillation method. Results: 1. The mean values of heavy metal contents (mg/kg) for the samples were as follows: Sipjeondaebo-tang (before decoction - Pb; 1.163, Cd; 0.257, As; 0.080 and Hg; 0.016, after decoction - Pb; 0.059, Cd; 0.007, As; 0.006 and Hg; 0.0003), Palmul-tang (before decoction - Pb; 1.181, Cd; 0.242, As; 0.152 and Hg; 0.014, after decoction - Pb; 0.067, Cd; 0.008, As; 0.008 and Hg; 0.0003), Sagunja-tang (before decoction - Pb; 1.285, Cd; 0.283, As; 0.063 and Hg; 0.012, after decoction - Pb; 0.047, Cd; 0.009, As; 0.004 and Hg; not detected) and Samul-tang (before decoction - Pb; 1.025, Cd; 0.169, As; 0.099 and Hg; 0.013, after decoction - Pb; 0.065, Cd; 0.007, As; 0.010 and Hg; 0.001). 2. Contents (mg/kg) of residual pesticides before/after a decoction were not detected in any samples. 3. Contents (mg/kg) of sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$) before a decoction in Sipjeondaebo-tang, Palmul-tang, Sagunja-tang and Samul-tang exhibited 5.0, 6.0, 14.0 and 6.9, respectively. However, contents of sulfur dioxide after a decoction were not detected in any samples. Conclusion: These results will be used to establish a criterion for heavy metals, residual pesticides and sulfur dioxide.

Objects: This study was conducted to investigate the current educational environment of herbology and to develop a future-oriented curriculum for oriental medicine. The questionnaire used in this research was drawn up based on the current curriculum referring to the current curriculum of herbology and pharmacognosy. Methods: The survey was carried out presenting the questionnaires to a total 12,754 of the students and doctors of oriental medicine through e-mailing five times; of these, 2,074 replied. Results: 1. Among the respondents, about 97% agreed that it was necessary to revise and complement the current curriculum of herbology. 2. The respondents felt that the assigned lecture time of subject was "sufficient" (19%), "insufficient" (39%) and "average" (39%), respectively, and the level of lecture was "insufficient" (37%) or "average" (43%) respectively. According to priority, it showed that the contents which needed complement in lecture were discrimination of medicinal herbs (24%), practical use of action and indications (23%), and correlation with modern disease (21%). In theoretical lectures, 69% of the respondents agreed on the introduction of natural scientific methods 3. In practice, 51% of the respondents replied that the lecture time for practice was insufficient. The contents which needed to be complemented in practice were as follows: audio-visual materials for discrimination of medicinal herbs (22%), concrete exercise for the processing of medicinal herbs (21%), and attempts for the objective discrimination of medicinal herbs using instruments (microscope, analytical instrument, residual pesticide, heavy metal, genetic analysis) (16%). 70% replied that the discrimination of medicinal herbs of high price and rarity was "none or insufficient". 4. 56% replied that it was necessary to introduce and practice physicochemical analysis, and they showed higher requests according to the increase of their educational level. However, 86% replied that they had never experienced concrete attempts for objective discrimination of medicinal herbs, which seemed to indicate that, excepting some schools, practice exercise was rarely performed. Conclusions: According to results, it seems that an urgent review on the current course of herbology and a workshop on the process of experimental practice for professors is needed.

Objective: This study was to investigate the anti-tumor effect, safety, safety, mechanism and metabolizing enzyme of Agrimonia pilosa LEDEB (APL) in female C57B/L mouse tumor (in vivo). Method: First, to evaluate the antitumor activity of APL, we divided the mice into four groups: normal, control, APL50 (50mg/kg), and APL100 (100mg/kg). LLC-obtained American Type Culture Collection was used. LLC had been inoculated to induce tumors. To measure the anti-tumor effect of APL, we calibrated tumor size and weight. To analyze the mechanism of anti-tumor in APL, we used western blotting and to observe metabolizing enzyme in APL we used to real-time PCR. Result: APL50 and APL100 significantly inhibited tumor growth from 12 days after medicine injected. APL did not induce caspase-dependent apoptosis in LLC-bearing mouse tumor. In APL100, it decreased 41% and 71% in CYP2D22 and CYP3A11, respectively. Conclusion: These results suggest that APL has some anti-tumor effects in female C57B/L mouse tumor. APL should be used carefully with other drugs related with CYP2D22 and CYP3A11.

Objectives: There are many unknowns surrounding Jeong-Jo's death. To better understand Jeong-Jo's death, we closely inspected his medical records from the 20 days before his death in The Annals of the Chosun Dynasty (朝鮮王朝實錄) and Seungjeongwon Ilgi (承政院日記), Understanding medical treatment before death, we can correctly trace the cause of Jeong-Jo's death. Methods: According to The Annals of the Chosun Dynasty (朝鮮王朝實錄) and Seungjeongwon Ilgi (承政院日記), we examined his medical records between June 14 and June 28 of 1800, as to the change in chief complaint, cold and heat, thirst, syndrome differentiation, the opinions of Jeong-Jo, and the opinions of doctors, The original work, The Annals of the Chosun Dynasty and Seungjeongwon Ilgi were provided by NIKH (The National Institute of Korean History). The Korean translation of The Annals of the Chosun Dynasty was also provided by NIKH. Seungjeongwon Ilgi (original work written in Chinese characters) was directly translated into Korean by the study author. Results: 1. Jeong-Jo's is likely to have died of septicemia caused by an abscess on his back. 2. The cause of Jeong-Jo's death could be stroke due to hypertension, mental stress, and 'Wha (火) disease' Conclusions: The dominant view that Jeong-Jo was murdered by poison is not likely.

Objective: This report aimed to study fibromyalgia's diagnostic criteria, differential diagnoses and its pathology from the viewpoint of oriental medicine. Method: We observed and diagnosed a female patient who complained of prolonged whole body pain, even several times hospitalized for treatment. Result: The patient's symptoms correspond with fibromyalgia and we ruled out other suspected diseases. Conclusion: Fibromyalgia is prone to be misdiagnosed because the patient has complicated symptoms such as various pains and chronic fatigue as well as depression unexplained by medical tests. Furthermore, the symptoms often never disappear completely, although it isn't progressive or life-threatening, and can be improved. So accumulation of data and analysis from the viewpoint of oriental medicine is necessary for development of oriental medical standard treatment.

Objectives: Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSHL) is considered an ENT emergency. Despite being a well-recognized condition, SSHL remains one of the most controversial issues in otology. Nowadays, more and more patients have an interest in Oriental medicine for treatment of SSHL. So, to ascertain the therapeutic effect of Oriental Medicine on SSHL, nineteen cases of SSHL patients who had taken Oriental medical therapy in Kyung Hee Oriental Medical Hospital were examined and analyzed. Methods: Nineteen patients who received over 10 times acupuncture therapy and a minimum 2 weeks of herbal medicine from Sep. 1, 2007 to Aug. 31, 2008 were examined and analyzed. The patients who were in the categories below were excluded: - within 7 days after onset - didn't fulfill 10 times acupuncture therapy - failed to recheck hearing outcome after treatment - less than 30dB at mean dB from 250Hz${\sim}$4000Hz. Results: The patients consisted of 12 men and 7 women with a mean age of 45.63 years (19${\sim}$76). Before treatment, 17 patients had tinnitus, 16 patients had pressure in the ear and 6 patients had dizziness, and mean dB of all patients was 66.89 dB. After treatment, 9 patients still had tinnitus, 4 patients felt pressure in the ear and 2 patents felt dizziness, and mean dB of all patients was 54.57dB. After treatment, 9 patients showed effectiveness in improving both hearing level and speech discrimination, 6 patients showed effectiveness only on speech discrimination and 4 patients showed no therapeutic effect. Conclusion: Oriental medical therapy had some therapeutic effects on SSHL even it was started 7 days after onset of the disease.