Purpose: As a major economy attracting foreign investment, China is currently facing significant international economic pressure due to the appreciation of the RMB. Additionally, China is at a critical period of socio-economic development, where foreign direct investment (FDI) plays an indispensable role in stabilizing economic growth, adjusting industrial structure, and promoting economic transformation. Research design, data and methodology: This paper focuses on the relationship between RMB exchange rate expectations and FDI. It examines the magnitude of their relationship through empirical research using cointegration tests, Granger causality tests, and BVAR (Bayesian Vector Autoregression) analysis. Results: The comprehensive study of the empirical results in this paper concludes that there is a long-term cointegrated relationship between China's RMB exchange rate expectations and foreign direct investment, indicating that their relationship is stable in the long run. It is also found that RMB exchange rate expectations have a significantly positive impact in the short term, but this impact is not significant in the long term. Conclusions: The paper also considers the possibility of establishing a China-EU Free Trade Area in the future and offers policy recommendations regarding RMB exchange rate expectations and foreign direct investment.

Purpose: While there has been extensive research on discretionary accruals (hereafter, 'DA') and accounting conservatism, interpretations have varied among researchers depending on how discretionary accruals are determined as proxies. This study investigates the relationship between discretionary accruals (DA) and accounting conservatism, focusing on the distinctions between signed DA and absolute DA. Research design, data and methodology: Using financial data from companies listed on the KOSPI and KOSDAQ markets from 2010 to 2020, we employ regression analysis to explore how signed and absolute DA impact accounting conservatism. This approach allows us to parse out the effects of positive versus negative discretionary accruals systematically. Results: Our findings indicate a divergent impact of DA on accounting conservatism. Specifically, in cases of negative DA, an increase in DA corresponds with heightened accounting conservatism. Conversely, when DA is positive, increases in DA do not exhibit a significant relationship with changes in accounting conservatism. These effects suggest that the nature of DA-whether it represents upward or downward earnings adjustments-critically influences its relationship with conservatism. Conclusions: The results elucidate the nuanced role of discretionary accruals in influencing accounting conservatism. The decrease in accounting conservatism associated with absolute increases in DA appears primarily driven by groups with downward earnings adjustments. This suggests that as negative DA diminishes toward zero, accounting conservatism intensifies, whereas positive DA does not have a parallel effect.

This study aims to enhance the accuracy of effective demand analysis for publicly supported private rental housing by integrating the RIR into the traditional Mankiw-Weil (MW) model. Traditional models like the M-W model, which account for household income, housing costs, and household size, often fall short in estimating demand driven by large-scale development projects. By integrating the RIR factor, this study introduces a more accurate and practical approach to analyzing effective housing demand. Findings show that the modified M-W model incorporating RIR predicts effective demand with greater precision than traditional methods. This advancement allows developers to plan projects more efficiently and aids governments and local authorities in implementing more effective housing policies. Furthermore, the study assesses the real housing cost burden on households, elucidating their capacity to pay housing costs based on household size and income quintile. This information enables policymakers to design targeted housing support policies for specific demographic groups. Additionally, the research provides comprehensive policy recommendations tailored to various regions and housing types. Overall, this study lays a vital groundwork for the long-term analysis of the effects of economic changes and housing market trends on effective demand.

Purpose This study aims to investigate the correlation of social skills and metacognition among university students participating in service-learning programs. Also by evaluating the satisfaction of college students participating in service learning, this research seeks to understand the impact of this program on learning experiences. Research design, data and methodology: The research period spans two semesters, each comprising 15 weeks, from March 2, 2023, to December 20, 2023. Detailed procedures, including planning, preparation, data collection, analysis, and organization, cover activities conducted over the course of 30 weeks. These activities encompass various stages, from initial classroom planning with designated English storybooks to reflection and feedback sessions aimed at continuous development. Data collection methods include surveys, interviews, and observations, allowing for a comprehensive examination of social skills and metacognition among participating students. Results: The results show significant correlations between social skills and metacognition, such as the correlation between knowledge and statistics (r = 0.759, p < .01), the moderate correlation between cooperation and knowledge (r = 0.532, p < .01), the moderate correlation between statistics and cooperation (r = 0.539, p < .01), and the correlation between self-regulation and assertion (r = 0.278, p < .001). The average score of the satisfaction of college students participating in service learning was 4.8 out of 5. Conclusions: This study highlights the significant role of service-learning in boosting social skills and metacognition among university students. This study enhances the academic understanding of the relationships between social skills, metacognition, and service-learning programs, contributing to the expansion of both theoretical and practical knowledge in the field.