본 연구에서는 재배 환경에 따른 산수유나무의 지표성분인 loganin 및 morroniside을 함량 분석을 통한 상관관계 구명하고자 하였다. Loganin 및 morroniside 함량은 UPLC에 의해 동시 분석되었다. 토양 데이터의 Mg²⁺ 함량과 pH가 loganin 함량에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며 Mg²⁺, Na⁺ 함량, pH, 염도, silt 비율, 점토 비율이 morroniside 함량에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 Mg²⁺ 함량, pH, 점토비율은 산수유 지표성분인 morroniside 및 loganin 함량에 높은 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과들은 산수유나무의 최적의 재배환경요건에 대한 기초자료로 이용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

In this study, Tongue fern (Pyrrosia lingua) plants that have been used traditionally as medicines. Their traditional medicinal uses, regions where indigenous people use the plants, parts of the plants used as medicines. This study was designed to assess the antioxidant and inhibition activities of extracts from P. lingua. In the P. lingua extracts was measured ethanol activity, 80.0% ethanol was high activity. The antioxidant activity was measured in 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-Azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), assays. DPPH and ABTS radical in this experiment, solid and phenolic of extract were tested, but only an average concentration of 100 ㎍/mL was used. However, the phenolic extract is shown phenolic activity reached a peak. Also, phenolic extracts ware reached peak water and ethanol extracts. As a result, using the phenolic extracts did other antioxidant assays such as DPPH, ABTS, protection factor, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances at 50-200 ㎍/mL concentrations. The activity of elastase and collagenase, inhibiting their activities may retard skin aging. α-Glucosidase and α-amylase, inhibitors need to be explored for the benefit of postprandial hyperglycemia in diabetic patients. Activities of tyrosinase, hyaluronidase and xanthine oxidase inhibitors of these enzymes are increasingly important ingredients in cosmetics and medications to protect the skin against hyperpigmentation and skin aging. Inhibition effects were investigated using the P. lingua extracts at 50-200 ㎍/mL concentrations. The expression levels of enzyme inhibitions activities were decrease in dependent-concentrations manner when P. lingua extracts were treated.

The soybean (Glycine max L.), also known as the soya bean, is an economically important legume species. Pathogens are always major threats for soybean cultivation. Several pathogens negatively affect soybean production. The soybean is also known as a susceptible host to many viruses. Recently, we carried out systematic analyses to identify viruses infecting soybeans using soybean transcriptome data. Our screening results showed that only few soybean transcriptomes contained virus-associated sequences. In this study, we further carried out bioinformatics analyses using a soybean flower bud transcriptome for virus identification, genome assembly, and single nucleotide variations (SNVs). We assembled the genome of Soybean yellow common mosaic virus (SYCMV) isolate China and revealed two SNVs. Phylogenetic analyses using three viral proteins suggested that SYCMV isolate China is closely related to SYCMV isolates from South Korea. Furthermore, we found that replication and mutation of SYCMV is relatively low, which might be associated with flower bud tissue. The most interesting finding was that SYCMV was not detected in the cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) line derived from the non-CMS line that was severely infected by SYCMV. In summary, in silico analyses identified SYCMV from the soybean flower bud transcriptome, and a nearly complete genome of SYCMV was successfully assembled. Our results suggest that the low level of virus replication and mutation for SYCMV might be associated with plant tissues. Moreover, we provide the first evidence that male sterility might be used to eliminate viruses in crop plants.

In order to enhance the extraction efficiency of flavonoid from Saururus chinensis, carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzyme Viscozyme L aided extraction techniques have been studied. Then flavonoid composition, as well as quercetin, were also identified using UV/Vis, HPLC/MS, and ¹H-NMR. The results showed that favorable extraction conditions were Viscozyme L concentration of 0.25 mg/g, pH 4.2, reaction at 45 ℃ for 12 h. Under the favorable extraction condition, total flavonoid yield (37.9 mg/g) and quercetin yield (0.86 mg/g) increased by about 2.0 and 9.6 times, respectively, compared to control group. Interestingly, as a significant flavonoid of S. chinensis, flavonoid glycones rutin was hydrolyzed to aglycones quercetin by Viscozyme L. These findings provide scientific and theoretical support for the development quercetin-rich products, which was quickly absorbed by the human body than rutin.

This study focused on the preparation and characterization of anti-wrinkle peptides from the salted and fermented shrimp (Acetes japonicus) inoculated with Salinivibrio cibaria BAO-01 (SFSC). The results showed the proximate composition of SFSC to be 9.23% water, 75.32% protein, 0.23% fat, and 13.3 mg/g ash. Interestingly, the S. cibaria fermentation significantly increased the amount of methionine, leucine, and arginine. The in vitro antioxidant activity was assayed by the diphenylpicrylhydrazyl method and its IC₅₀ value was found to be 43.02±2.84 ㎍/mL. It was observed to inhibit the activity of elastase, tyrosinase, collagenase, and hyaluronidase. The IC₅₀ values of SFSC were 182.75±12.38 ㎍/mL for anti-elastase activity, 186.78±7.95 ㎍/mL for anti-tyrosinase activity, 444.4±34.81 ㎍/mL for anti-collagenase activity, and 1447.95±28.92 ㎍/mL for anti-hyaluronidase activity. These results suggest that salted and fermented shrimp has strong potential for the development of nutricosmetic products.

Quercetin은 항산화 및 항염증 활성이 잘 알려져 있으나, 건선 피부염 조절에 대한 효능 연구는 거의 보고된 것이 없어, in vitro 건선 피부염 시험 모델인 TNF-α/IL-17A 유도 HaCaT 세포주를 이용해 quercetin에 의한 건선 피부염 개선 효과를 규명하였다. 먼저, TNF-α에 의해 활성화된 HaCaT 세포주에 quercetin을 처리한 결과, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6 등 염증성 사이토카인 발현이 TNF-α 처리군 대비 각각 49.1±7.14, 42.8±8.16, 34.5±2.52% 억제되었다. Th17세포 및 수지상세포 등 면역세포를 염증 반응 부위로 유인하는 케모카인 IL-8 및 CCL20의 mRNA 발현량 또한 TNF-α 처리군 대비 38.4±5.83, 52.9±4.59% 감소하였다. TNF-α 자극에 의해 건선피부에서 비특이적으로 증가되는 케라틴 단백질 KRT6A 및 KRT16 발현뿐만 아니라, IκBα 및 STAT3 단백질의 인산화 또한 quercetin에 의해 유의적으로 억제되었다. 또 다른 건선 유발 사이토카인으로 알려진 IL-17A로 HaCaT 세포주를 자극한 후 quercetin에 의한 영향을 관찰한 결과, IκBα mRNA 발현은 55.8±5.28% 감소하였고, STAT3 인산화는 36.3±6.81% 하향 조절되었다. 마지막으로 TNF-α/IL-17A를 동시 자극한 HaCaT 세포주에 quercetin을 처리한 결과, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, CCL20 유전자 발현이 모두 억제되는 것을 확인하였다. 이를 통해 quercetin은 기존 항산화, 항염증 활성뿐만 아니라 건선 피부염 개선에 활성을 갖는 소재임을 확인할 수 있었다.

본 연구에서는 생리활성물질유도제인 elicitor를 처리한 주름조개풀의 열수, 에탄올 추출물들의 항산화 효과, tyrosinase, elastase, collagenase 및 HAase 등의 미용관련 생리활성의 변화를 살펴보았다. Elicitor 처리한 주름조개풀 추출물의 DPPH 및 PF 등의 항산화 효과는 elicitor 비처리구인 대조구에 비해 elicitor 처리구가 농도의존적으로 더 높은 항산화 활성을 나타내었다. Elicitor 처리한 주름조개풀 추출물의 미용활성은 elastase 및 collagenase 억제 효과에 의한 주름개선효과와 tyrosinase 저해에 의한 미백효과가 비처리구인 대조구에 비해 상대적으로 매우 높은 효소 억제 효과를 나타내어 elicitor 처리가 주름조개풀추출물의 미백 및 주름개선 효과의 증대에 크게 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었으며, 농도의존적인 양상을 나타내었다. 또한 HAase 억제에 의해 유래되는 염증 억제 효과도 비처리구인 대조구에 비해 에탄올 추출물에서 우수한 염증 억제 효과를 나타내었다. Elicitor 처리에 의해 대조구에 비해 처리구에서 생리활성 효소에 대한 억제율이 큰 폭으로 상승하는 효과를 나타내어, elicitor 처리가 유용물질의 산업화라는 전제를 충족시키기 위한 biomass 기법으로 매우 적당하다는 것을 시사해주었다. 따라서 주름조개풀 노지재배 시에 본 연구에서 사용한 elicitor를 처리하면 수확되는 주름조개풀의 단위 무게 당 유용물질의 생산량을 높일 수 있고, 생리할성도 증대시킬 수가 있어 산업화를 위한 고기능성 원료생산에 효율적인 재배기법으로 활용할 수 있을 것이라 판단되었다.

Beer production with rice or other malt substitutes suffers from a lack of suitable enzymes for saccharification. For this reason, rice nuruk (fermentation starter) was tested as a starch replacement for malt in the saccharification process of beer production. The results of this study show that the enzyme activities of rice nuruk made with brewing fungi were higher than those of malt. Saccharification and glucoamylase activities were high in Aspergillus awamori KCCM 30790 and α-amylase activity was high in Aspergillus oryzae CF1003. Overall, malt beer had significantly higher alcohol, pH, total acid, volatile acids, amino acids, free amino nitrogen, bitterness unit and ΔE than rice nuruk beer. Where as Aspergillus awamori KCCM 30790 beer had significantly higher soluble solids, reducing sugar than malt beer. According to a sensory evaluation, malt beer was better color, flavor and Aspergillus oryzae CF1003 beer was better taste, texture, overall acceptability than other beer. Therefore Aspergillus awamori KCCM 30790 beer was suitable considering enzyme activities (saccharification, glucoalmylase) and physicochemical characteristics (soluble solids, reducing sugar). And then Aspergillus oryzae CF1003 beer was suitable considering sensory evaluation (taste, texture, overall acceptability). Therefore rice nuruk like Aspergillus awamori KCCM 30790 and Aspergillus oryzae CF1003 were suitable as a substitute material that can replace for malt in beer proceccing.

An essential component of the hemostatic process during vascular damage is platelet activation. However, many cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and myocardial infarction, can develop due to excessive platelet activation. Isoscopoletin, found primarily in plant roots of the genus Artemisia or Scopolia, has been studied to demonstrate potential pharmacological effects on Alzheimer's disease and anticancer, but its mechanisms and role in relation to thrombus formation and platelet aggregation have not yet been discovered. This research investigated the effect of isoscopoletin on collagen-induced human platelet activation. As a result, isoscopoletin strongly increased cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, isoscopoletin greatly phosphorylated inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor (IP₃R) and vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), known substrates of cAMP-dependent kinase and cGMP dependent kinase. Phosphorylation of IP₃R by isoscopoletin induced Ca²⁺ inhibition from the dense tubular system Ca²⁺ channels, and VASP phosphorylation was involved in fibrinogen binding inhibition by inactivating αIIb/β₃ in the platelet membrane. Isoscopoletin finally reduced thrombin-induced fibrin clot production and finally reduced thrombus formation. Therefore, this research suggests that isoscopoletin has strong antiplatelet effects and is likely to be helpful for thrombotic diseases involving platelets by acting as a prophylactic and therapeutic agent.

The long-chained perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), are a potential exposure risk in the environment, specifically for humans due to high levels of bioaccumulation, persistence, and toxicity. In the current study, the plant uptake factors (PUFs) of spinach and Welsh onion were investigated on the three different concentration levels of PFOA and PFOS in soil. Spinach and Welsh onion were divided into three residue groups, a control group and two levels of PFOA and PFOS. The PFAAs spiked soils were aged for six months and the extractable residue of PFOS in the aged soil was reduced to 30-59% of the initial spiked concentrations for PFOS, while PFOA showed almost the same initial spiked concentrations. The PUFs for PFOA and PFOS were 0.111-2.821 and 0.047-3.175 for spinach, and 0.203-0.738 and 0.035-0.181 for Welsh onion, respectively. The highest PUF values in both vegetable were displayed when the residual concentration of PFAAs were part-per-billion (ppb) or sub-ppb in soil.

본 연구는 코스모스꽃 추출물이 박테리아에 대해서 항균 활성이 있는지를 알아보고 이를 통해 항균 효과를 내는 물질에 대해 규명하고자 하였다. 흰색, 분홍색, 자주색의 코스모스꽃이 4종의 박테리아인 S. aureus, S. epidermidis, P. aeruginosa, E. coli에 대해 항균 효과가 있는지 접종 후 24 h 동안 관찰하였다. 3종의 꽃 추출물 중에 EtOAc층 분획물에서 4개의 박테리아에 대해 가장 우수한 항균 활성이 관찰되었고 S. aureus에 대해서는 CHCl₃층 분획물도 효과를 보였다. 추가적으로 흰색 코스모스꽃 silica gel Fr. 1과 분홍색 코스모스꽃 silica gel Fr. 2, 자주색 코스모스꽃 silica gel Fr. 1은 0.1 mg/mL에서 최소저해농도가 나타났다. 이 분획물들과 코스모스 내에 존재할 것으로 유추되는 apigenin 간의NMR과 HPLC 비교, 분석한 결과를 통해서 유효 성분내에는 apigenin구조 요소가 함유되어 있는 물질이 있을 것으로 판단되었다.

두충나무(Du-zhong, Eucommia ulmoides Oliver)의 잎과 껍질로 부터 얻어진 50% 에탄올 추출물의 항산화 활성을 확인하였다. 두충나무 잎과 껍질 추출물의 수율은 각각 8.1±0.31과 17.4±0.89%, 총 폴리페놀 함량은 각각 64.1±3.35와 42.4±2.38 ㎍ GAE/mg, 총 플라보노이드 함량은 각각 24.0±3.15와 36.7±3.18 ㎍ QE/mg으로 나타났다. 두충나무 잎과 껍질 추출물은 농도에 비례하여 양이온라디칼, 유리라디칼과 아질산염을 소거하였고, 환원력을 증가시켰으며 지질과산화를 억제하였다. 두충나무 잎과 껍질 추출물의 ABTS 양이온라디칼 소거에 대한 EC₅₀값은 각각 560.6±17.65와 1,357.4±8.45 ㎍/mL이었고, DPPH 유리라디칼 소거에 대한 EC₅₀값은 각각 574.2±14.70과 2,103.1±108.59 ㎍/mL로 나타났다. 또한 두충나무 잎과 껍질 추출물의 환원력에 대한 EC₅₀값은 각각 319.9±13.42와 705.9±26.08 ㎍/mL였고, 아질산염 소거에 대한 EC₅₀값은 각각 2,329.2±35.11과 5,467.6±243.92㎍/mL로 나타났다. 두충나무 잎 추출물은 74.8 ㎍/mL의 농도에서, 껍질 추출물은 177.2 ㎍/mL의 농도에서 linoleic acid의 과산화를 각각 70.0 및 79.1% 억제하였다. 두충나무 잎 추출물은 껍질 추출물에 비해 높은 항산화 활성을 보유하고 있었다.

상추 중 살균제 mandipropamid 및 살충제 thiamethoxam의 생산단계 잔류허용기준(PHRLs)를 추정하기 위해 3곳의 상추 시설재배지에서 두 약제의 경시적 잔류량 감소특성을 조사하였다. 상추 중 농약 잔류량은 HPLC-PDA 또는 UVD를 이용하여 분석하였으며 우수한 회수율 및 변이값을 보여 분석의 유효성을 확보하였다. 농약안전사용기준에 따라 약제살포 권고량을 살포한 후 살포 후 수확일(PHI)을 포함한 10일 동안 출하시기에 적합한 개체를 채취하여 잔류량을 분석하였다. 포장별 초기 평균 잔류량은 mandipropamid 6.68-17.87 mg/kg, thiamethoxam 4.96-8.31 mg/kg이었고 10일 경과 후 각각 초기잔류량의 16-54 및 14-44% 수준으로 감소하였다. Thiamethoxam의 대사산물인 clothianidin은 <0.02-0.37 mg/kg으로 검출되었다. 상추 중 두 약제의 잔류량은 단순 1차 감쇄반응처럼 감소하였으며 포장구분없이 일자별 잔류량 회귀식을 산출한 결과, 평균 감소상수 및 생물학적 반감기는 mandipropamid의 경우 -0.1060 및 6.5일이었고 thiamethoxam은 -0.1236 및 5.6일이었다. 상추 잔류량 감소상수의 95% 신뢰구간 상한치는 mandipropamid -0.0746 및 thiamethoxam -0.1091이었으며, 출하 10일 및 5일 전 PHRLs은 mandipropamid의 경우 63.24 및 43.56 mg/kg, thiamethoxam은 44.66 및 25.88 mg/kg으로 산출되었다. 본 연구결과는 농가에서 농작물 출하시기를 조절하는데 활용될 수 있으며 농가의 소득 안정화에 기여할 것으로 판단된다.

농약의 안전범위 확대와 Positive List System이 시행되면서 토양 중 농약 안전관리방안에 대한 관심이 증가하였다. 토양 중 농약 안전관리를 위해서는 농경지 내 잔류량 저감화와 농산물 전이 저감방안이 대표적이다. 이번 연구에서는 토양 중 농약 안전성 향상을 위해서 시험농약은 azoxystrobin, procymidone 및 tricyclazole을 사용하였고, 저감화 방법으로 바이오차와 생석회를 이용했다. 실험방법은 토양에 바이오차와 생석회를 토양(15 cm) 무게 기준 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0%를 첨가한 후 0, 10, 20, 35, 50일 동안 경시적 잔류양상을 확인하였다. 바이오차 처리에 의한 작물 흡수·이행 저감효과 구명을 위해 얼갈이 배추의 뿌리, 잎, 줄기로 나뉘어 잔류량을 분석했다. 실험결과 생석회 처리할 때 2.0% 처리할 때 azoxystrobin (36-96%), procymidone (40-117%), tricyclazole (26-83%) 저감효과가 있었다(p <0.05). 바이오차 처리할 때 1.0% 이하 처리할 때 토양 중 잔류량 저감효과는 없었다. 그러나 바이오차 2.0%처리한 토양에서 재배한 얼갈이 배추의 뿌리(0.11-1.62 mg/kg), 잎(0.05-0.29 mg/kg), 줄기(0.06-0.1 mg/kg)에서 전이량이 감소되었다(p <0.05). 생석회와 바이오차는 농업에 활용성이 높은 토양개량제로 농약 안전관리방안에 이용할 수 있는 방법으로 판단된다.

Oxidative stress is one of the contributors of neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease. According to previous studies, Aster yomena (Kitam.) Honda (AY) possesses variable pharmacological activities including anti-coagulant and anti-obesity effect. In this study, we aimed to determine the neuroprotective effect of ethyl acetate fraction from Aster yomena (Kitam.) Honda (EFAY) against oxidative stress. Therefore, we carried out 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,3-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate assays in SH-SY5Y neuronal cells treated with hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). H₂O₂-treated control cells exhibited reduced viability of cells, and increased LDH release and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production compared to normal cells. However, treatment with EFAY restored the cell viability and inhibited LDH release and ROS production. To investigate the underlying mechanisms by which EFAY attenuated neuronal oxidative damage, we measured protein expressions using Western blot analysis. Consequently, it was observed that EFAY down-regulated cyclooxygenase-2 and interleukin-1β protein expressions in H₂O₂-treated SH-SY5Y cells that mediated inflammatory reaction. In addition, apoptosis-related proteins including B-cell lymphoma-2-associated X protein/B-cell lymphoma-2 ratio, cleaved caspase-9, and cleaved-poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase protein expressions were suppressed when H₂O₂-treated cells were exposed to EFAY. Our results indicate that EFAY ameliorated H₂O₂-induced neuronal damage by regulating inflammation and apoptosis. Altogether, AY could be potential therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative diseases.