The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of two kinds of underwear material on subjects exercising and resting in an ambient temperature of $20^{\circ}C$, a relative humidity of 60% and an air velocity of 0.13m $see^{-1}$. Two kinds of underwear ensemble were tested, differing in their hygroscopic properties: 100% wool (W) with higher moisture regain and 100% cotton (C) with lower moisture regain. Five young females served as subjects. The experiments comprised two repeated periods of 15 min exercise on a treadmill with a speed of 6km $h^{-1}$ followed by 10 min rest. The main results were as follows: 1) Mean skin temperature was significantly higher in W than in C throughout the whole experimental period (p<0.05). 2) The temperature and humidity of the microclimate between the skin and underwear provided by the first layer of clothing was higher in W than in C (p<0.1 and p<0.05, for temperature and humidity, respectively). 3) Heart rate was significantly higher in W than in C (p<0.05). 4) Subjects felt warmer during the second exercise session when wearing wool rather than cotton (p<0.05), and they also reported more increased wetness during the second exercise and rest periods in W than in C (p<0.05). These results suggest that underwear made of wool with higher moisture regain might not act as effectively as cotton to transfer exercise-induced heat from the body to the surrounding air when light exercise is taken in a thermally-neutral environment.

The purposes of this article is to assess the current status of conjugal violence among elderly women and to examine the relationship between conjugal violence and the mental health status of elderly women in Korea. The results of this study are; (1) the largest proportion (44.9%) of elderly women experienced verbal violence, followed by minor physical violence (35.5%), severe physical violence (13.1%), and sexual violence (5.6%); (2) the mental health status of elderly women who have been exposed to violence was worse than that of elderly women who have not. In conclusion, this article argues that interventions for better marital relationships among elderly couples are needed and comprehensive programs for improvement of mental health are also needed for elderly women in general.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of family-school relations on children's school adjustment with divorced mothers. Subcategories of the family-school relations were family participation in decision making, family help for schools, learning activities at home, school help for families, and school-home communication adopted from Epstein's parent involvement theory. Sub categories of children's school adjustment were delinquent behavior and academic achievement. The sample of this study included 3,367 children from first to fifth grade who lived either in a two-parent or one-parent home. Among them, 411 children with divorced mothers were analyzed. Independent t-test, Pearson's correlations, stepwise regression analysis were all conducted. Findings suggested that children with divorced mothers showed higher delinquency and lower academic achievement than children in intact families. Sub categories of family involvement and school involvement were correlated in divorced families. Children's delinquency was predicted by three of the family-school relation factors, which were school-home communication, family help for schools, and school help for families. Children's academic achievement was predicted by ail factors.

This paper gives special attention to the changes of time use patterns of the German population for eating and drinking as well as for household work. It especially examines the changes in time use for meals eaten at home and away from home as well as the division of labour for nutrition provision activities between men and women. The presented results originated from two time budget surveys conducted in Germany in 1991/92 and 2001/02. In a secondary analysis time use patterns for eating and drinking and nutrition provision activities were examined on a base of a representative sample of 12600 private households. Surprisingly the amount of time spent on eating and drinking increased over the period. More Germans ate away from home at least once a day, whereas meals at home were still dominant. Moreover comparisons over time revealed that the share in household and food provisioning work has narrowed between men and women, especially in households with both partners being employed. Overall the analysis shows that time use data allow general statements regarding the amount and changes of time spent on daily eating, household work and especially food provision activities. The extent of women's employment has shown to be most decisive for an equal division of household work between gender. To be able to better interpret the results and to understand the consequences for family life, it is necessary to complement time use data with qualitative interviews to gain comprehensive insight into peoples nutrition goals, motives and barriers of action.

This study investigated the allowance usage practices and factors affecting saving behavior from 291 elementary school students in Susan. Frequency distributions, Pearson product-moment correlations, and logistic regression analysis were conducted by SPSS Windows. Two-fifths of the respondents did not regularly receive allowance. Many parents did not guide what children spent their money on before using it. Children spent their allowances on buying snacks, stationary, and playing in the game room. Only a small number of the respondents kept a record, but many children saved money. On the other hand, in the logistic regression analysis, the significant variables explaining children's saving behavior were parents' guidance before using allowance, record-keeping, and doing household work for an allowance. These results imply that parents are in the best position to give children positive experiences towards financial management.

This paper considered the impact of changing the product liability rule from consumer to producer liability on product safety under asymmetric information. In particular, it has been attempted to remove several constraints on antecedent studies. The main results of the study are as follows: under the misperception of the risk on a product, consumers may underestimate the probability of product failure. In this case, the accident rate can be lowered under the producer's liability rule. However, even under the asymmetric information, a consumer's estimation on the probability may be converged with the expected risk level, which could be called the 'rational expectation.' In this situation the probability of product failure can be lowered under the strict liability with contributory negligence. Additionally, it is possible to reduce the probability of product failure when a legal rule that imposes liability on cheapest cost avoider is admitted.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the needs of future users for services at senior congregate housing and to look into the development directions of the service standards for senior congregate housing. A survey was conducted among middle-aged people in their fifties, who lived in Seoul, using the systematic random sampling method. The final sample included 498 respondents. The survey was conducted from November 3, 2003 to November 14, 2003. The results of this study were as follows. Firstly, as the need for housing services were high, it was quite clear that various services at senior congregate housing should be provided. Secondly, a service differentiation strategy should be proposed to meet the characteristics of the users. Thirdly, it was hereby suggested that service standards should be established in the following manner considering the relationship between the needs for services and the income level directly influencing the provision of services: 'Basic services' to be provided regardless of income, 'Optional services' to be selectable among the preferable services per income level, and 'Supportive services' to be provided for low-income people.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the preference of spatial elements for common space planning in senior congregate housing. For the study, 500 potential consumer's residing in Seoul was surveyed using the questionnaire in the social survey methodology. As for the common spaces, gardens, treatment, and exercise rooms were preferred. A combination of both separate and group arrangement of the buildings was preferred, indicating that people wanted separation of the common space and the individual living units. Second, people preferred sharing parts of the common space with their neighbors and as is the traditional custom, preferred to take off their shoes at the entrance to individual units. Third, for the furniture and facilities, they wanted the manager room in the lobby, the small meeting rooms in the public dining room, a fitness center in the activity room, the rack or alcove to store items in front of an individuals unit in the hallway, a chair to sit down in the elevator, and the chair to rest on the stairway landing. Fourth, in terms of priority for planning the senior citizens' community housing, safety, familiarity like a regular home, reduced isolation and loneliness, sense of belonging, economic factors, aesthetic appreciation, daily life supplement, variety, and self-identity were answered in that order.