This study was conducted to investigate the actual conditions of intake of Korean traditional beverages in 273 female university students in Seoul, Korea. The subjects of this study consisted of 128 food and nutrition majors and 145 non-majors. Questionnaires were administered to the subjects who had an average age of 20 years. Two-hundred and nineteen students (80.2%) lived with their parents. Regarding the type of beverages subjects often drink, coffee was the most preferred (51.3%) overall, and non-majors (4.1%) were shown to drink traditional beverages more often. Regarding preference for traditional beverages, most subjects (72.5%) responded that they liked their own traditional beverage. However, for frequency of intake of traditional beverages, 48.7% answered they do not drink any traditional beverages. The reasons why subjects like traditional beverages were taste (71.7%) and health (26.3%), and the type of traditional beverages they often drink were Yulmu tea (35.9%), Sik hae (30.8%), and Yuja tea (10.6%), in order. Regardless of major, ginseng tea, jujube tea, mulberry-leaf tea, Chinese matrimony vine tea, ssanghwa tea, ginger tea, and omija tea were found to be satisfactory traditional beverages. Therefore, due to the low intake frequency, preference, and satisfaction of traditional beverages, new traditional beverages that can meet the standards of female students should be immediately developed.

The purpose of this study was to provide basic references in order to improve the quality of military foodservice by investigating the eating behavior, preferred items for improvement and foodservice satisfaction of male military personnel in Backrung do. A total of 213 male military personnel (66 sergeants, 44 corporals, 80 privates first class and 27 privates third class) responded to a survey questionnaire. Frequencies, t tests, analysis of variance, and Cronbach's alpha, were carried out by SPSS Win V.18.0. The results of the study were as follows. The satisfaction level of military foodservice was slightly below 3 out of 5 points, and Korean cuisine was the favorite food. Military male personnel preferred frying and stewing as their favorite cooking methods. Sixty-six percent of subjects answered that their favorite principal ingredients were meat and fish. Therefore, as young soldiers' taste preferences were westernized, proper nutrition education programs for good health are needed. Further, the current military dining environment should be changed into a quiet and neat atmosphere, with clean dishes, nutritious meal items, and quick and proper serving methods, etc. Based on the results above, military authorities should develop an adequate menu for the male military personnel at Backrung do military base that includes a variety of foods, and cooking methods.

본 연구는 단순 가공 식재료 개발의 고부가가치와 국내산식품 재료의 활용도를 높이기 위하여 구아바잎 분말과 콜라비 등을 이용하여 급식소에서 이용 가능한 국, 탕용 구아바 채소 완자를 개발하여 저장 중 미생물학적 및 품질 특성을 측정하였다. 구아바잎 분말을 첨가하지 않은 대조군(control)과 첨가한 구아바잎 채소 완자(VB)의 명도(lightness) 측정 결과, 구아바잎을 첨가할수록 명도는 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 적색도(redness)와 황색도(yellowness)는 대조군을 제외한 첨가군시료에서는 유의적 차이를 보이지 않았다. 구아바 채소 완자의 경도(hardness)의 범위는 1,175~1,600($g/cm^3$)이었으며, 구아바잎 분말을 첨가한 채소 완자가 대조군에 비하여 경도가 높아지는 경향을 보였다. 탄력성(springness), 부착성(cohesiveness)은 구아바잎 분말을 첨가할수록 유의적으로 낮아지는 경향을 보였다. DPPH, ABTS 활성 모두 대조군에 비하여 구아바잎 첨가군이 높은 수치를 나타내었으며, 첨가량이 증가할수록 유의적으로 항산화 활성능 역시 증가하는 것을 알 수 있었다(p<0.05). 관능적 특성 결과, 맛(taste), 향미(flavor), 전반적인 바람직성(overall preference) 항목에서구아바잎분말0.1% 첨가한 구아바 채소 완자가 가장 높게 평가되었으며, 1% 첨가군은 낮은 기호도를 나타냈다. 구아바 채소 완자의 저장 기간 중 품질 특성을 조사한 결과, 산가의 변화에서는 구아바잎 분말 첨가량이 증가할수록 산가는 유의적(p<0.05)으로 낮아졌으며, 저장 기간이 길어짐에 따라 점차 증가함을 보였다. 산가의 실험 결과와 마찬가지로 대조군의 과산화물가와 유의적인 차이를 보였으며, 구아바잎 첨가 채소 완자의 산패 억제 효과를 나타내었다. TBA가는 대조군과 0.1% 첨가군의 유의적인 차이는 없었으나, 구아바잎 0.3% 이상 첨가한 채소 완자는 유의적인 차이를 보였다. 총호기성 균은 저장 기간 동안 낮은 수준의 균이 검출되었으며(5.00 log CFU/g 미만), 효모 및 곰팡이는 구아바잎 분말을 첨가한 채소 완자에서는 검출되지 않았다. 이상의 결과로 관능적인 부분과 항산화 효과를 동시에 부여할 수 있는 구아바잎을 첨가한 채소 완자의 제조가 가능하다는 것을 확인하였다. 국내 외식 및 급식업체용 단순 가공 식품 재료로 구아바잎 0.1%를 첨가한 채소 완자가 최적으로 판단되며, 구아바 채소 완자의 냉장 보관 시 안전한 저장 기간은 최대 8일이다.

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of pine needle extract on the color, hardness, springiness, chewiness, pH, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) value, and total bacterial number of seasoned pork meat stored at $4^{\circ}C$ for 9 days. The pH levels of sauce samples were not affected by the mixing rate of the extracts. Acidity, soluble solids, and salinity gradually increased as the amount of added extract increased. Total polyphenolic contents in the sauce ranged from $1.01{\pm}0.02$ mg GAE/mL to $1.41{\pm}0.04$ mg GAE/mL, DPPH radical scavenging activity ranged from $0.06{\pm}0.01$ AEAC to $0.12{\pm}0.01$ AEAC, and ABTS radical scavenging activity ranged from $0.11{\pm}0.01$ AEAC to $0.19{\pm}0.01$ AEAC. The pH levels significantly decreased as the amount of added extract increased. The lightness ($L^*$), redness ($a^*$) and yellowness ($b^*$) values of meat tended to decrease with longer storage period (p<0.05). Hardness and chewiness also increased with longer storage period (p<0.05). The TBARS values decreased as the amount of added extract increased after 6 days (p<0.05). Total bacterial numbers of P5, P10, and P15 decreased compared to the control (p<0.05). In the sensory evaluation, taste and palatability were not significantly different among C, P5, and P10 (p<0.05). Further, flavor, color, tenderness, and juiciness were not different among the seasoned pork meats. These results suggest that pine needle extract can inhibit protein degradation, lipid oxidation, and bacterial growth when used as an additive to seasoned pork meat.

The quality characteristics of yackwa made with goami powder at different baking temperatures (150, 160, 170, 180) and baking times (15, 20, 25 min) and at different dipping temperatures (65 and $80^{\circ}C$) and dipping times (15 and 30 min) were evaluated. To determine the optimal temperature and time for yackwa containing goami powder, color values, preference color and pictures were determind. The baking temperatures were $150^{\circ}C$ for 25 min, $160^{\circ}C$ for 15 min and 20 min, and $170^{\circ}C$ for 15 min. The weight of yackwa was heavier at low dipping temperatures and long dipping times. L-values and b-values were the highest at short dipping times. Hardness, moisture and overall preference was the lowest at low dipping temperatures and long dipping times.

In this study, the quality characteristics of salad dressing prepared with mulberry, Schisandra chinensis, and Discorea powder were evaluated. Salad dressing was prepared with salad base (plain yogurt : mayonnaise : fresh cream = 8:1:1), mulberry, Schisandra chinensis for acidity, and Discorea powder for viscosity (4:4:6:1 or 4:4:6:3). Discorea powder was added at levels of 0, 7, and 18% to the salad dressing. As the concentration of Discorea powder increased, the pH level increased, and acidity decreased. Hunter's color L (lightness) value of salad dressing decreased as the amount of Discorea powder increased. Viscosity increased according to the amount of Discorea powder. Moreover, total phenolic content increased according to the amount of Discorea powder. Further, DPPH antioxidant and hydroxyl radical activity of mulberry salad dressing increased as the amount of Discorea powder increased. Sensory preference test results showed that the salad dressing added with Discorea powder had higher scores for color, flavor, taste, and texture than the control. Regarding overall preference, salad dressing containing 7% Discorea powder had the highest scores among the treatments. From these results, salad dressing containing mulberry, Schisandra chinensis for acidity, and Discorea powder for viscosity could be a functional salad dressing with high antioxidant activity.

This study was performed to evaluate the physiochemical and sensory quality characteristics as well as the antioxidant activities of steamed rib sauce prepared with different amounts of Rehmannia glutinosa preparata concentrate(0, 6, 12, 18%). The moisture content and salinity of control were 80% and 0.8%, respectively, but those of sauces added with Sookjihwang concentrate were not significantly different from those of control. The acidity and reducing sugar content increased according to the amount of Sookjihwang concentrate. Hunter's color L (lightness) and b (yellowness) values decreased according to the amount of Sookjihwang concentrate, whereas a (redness) value was not significantly different among the treatments. Viscosity increased according to the amount of Sookjihwang concentrate. Total phenol and flavonoid contents increased according to the amount of Sookjihwang concentrate. Antioxidant activities (DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities) also increased according to the amount of Sookjihwang concentrate. Results of sensory preference test revealed that the scores for color, glossiness, and overall preference were the highest in sauce added with 12% Sookjihwang concentrate. It can be suggested that sauce added with Sookjihwang concentrate may be a functional sauce with high antioxidant activity.

In this study, the physicochemical and quality characteristics of eel sauce added with bokbunja powder were evaluated. Crude protein, crude fat, crude ash, and crude fiber contents increased in eel sauce with increasing amount of bokbunja powder. The lowest pH and salinity were observed in eel sauce added with 80% bokbunja powder, whereas the solid content, titratable acidity, and viscosity were the highest. Regarding Hunter's color results, lightness L and redness a values increased with increasing amounts of bokbunja, and the red color was significantly different between each sample. In the sensory evaluation results, the color, bokbunja flavor, bokbunja taste, salty taste, and moistness significantly increased with higher amount of bokbunja powder. Overall acceptability from 80%<60%<40%<0%<20% sequence supplemented with 20% in group symbols 7.08 to higher. Eel sauce added with 20% bokbunja powder produced the most desirable characteristics compared to other amounts of added bokbunja powder.

본 연구에서는 대조구 및 머루첨가량을 100, 200, 300, 400 g으로 달리하여 제조한 약주를 대상으로 향기 성분을 분석하고, 관능검사를 실시하여 기호도가 높은 머루약주를 제조하기 위한 최적의 머루 첨가량을 알아보았다. 대조구 및 4종 머루첨가구의 향기 성분으로 alcohol류 5종, ester류 9종, acid류 7종, hydrocarbon류 4종, ketone류 2종 및 기타 화합물 7종의 총 35종의 향기 성분이 동정되었다. 향기 성분은 대조구가 28종으로 가장 많았고, 동정된 향기 성분 화합물의 수와 향기 성분 총함량은 머루첨가량이 증가함에 따라 감소하였다. 한편, 과일향의 ester 화합물이 가장 많이 동정된 200 g 첨가구는 관능검사 결과에서도 향기뿐 아니라, 색, 맛, 종합적 기호도가 가장 높았다. 이상의 결과로부터 약주 향기는 향기 성분의 총함량보다 미량 존재하는 ester 화합물에 의하며, 머루약주 제조를 위한 최적의 머루첨가량은 대조구 1,715 g에 머루 200 g인 것을 알 수 있었다.

We investigated the quality characteristics of dohwaju (fermented with peach flowers and branches, a Korean traditional alcoholic beverage) containing different sub-ingredients. During fermentation, the inner temperatures of the added sub-ingredient treatments were higher compared to non-treatment, and only peach branches treatment. showed the highest inner temperature. There were no significant differences in the physicochemical results among the treatments. pH decreased from the first mashing day to the second and then increased slightly until fermentation was terminated. Total acidities showed opposite patterns as compared to pH level. Amino acid contents, soluble solids, and alcohol contents increased steadily until the end of fermentation, whereas reducing sugar contents showed the opposite trend. In a preference survey, DB (only peach branches)-treated dowhaju showed the highest evaluation in terms of taste and overall acceptability with walues of $5.07{\pm}1.38$ and $5.57{\pm}1.16$, respectively. Based on the results of this study, we concluded that only peach branches treatment is optimal for the manufacture of dowhaju. We expect that the quality of dowhaju can be improved by providing basic information concerning its manufacture.

The purpose of this study was to improve the quality of Korean traditional sauce products by producing short-term green gochujang with cheongyang pepper powder. To determine its antioxidant compounds and activities, we examined vitamin C, capsaicinoid, total phenolic, and total flavonoid contents, as well as electron-donating, SOD-like, ferrous ion-chelating, and nitrite-scavenging activities. Vitamin C content of short-term green gochujang was higher in CON-M than in the sample, whereas capsaicinoid content increased as the amount of cheongyang pepper powder increased. Total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, electron-donating activity, and nitrite-scavenging activity were higher in the sample than in CON-M, and the contents increased as the amount of meju powder increased. Green gochujang containing the highest amount of cheongyang pepper powder showed the highest SOD-like, and ferrous-ion chelating activities as well as superior nutrient contents, compared to red gochujang.

본 연구는 고추장의 맛과 향미를 향상시키고, 기능성을 추가한 건강 지향적 고추장을 제조하고자 더덕가루를 첨가하고 품질 특성과 항산화 활성을 살펴보았다. 더덕가루를 고추장에 1%, 3%, 5%로 첨가하고 $30^{\circ}C$에서 보관하면서 2주 간격으로 재료의 일반성분, 수분함량, 산도, 염도, 환원당, 아미노태 질소, DPPH 유리래디칼 소거능을 측정하였다. 더덕가루의 수분함량은 3.61%였으며, 조단백질, 조지방 및 회분은 각각 8.44%, 4.62% 및 8.85%였다. 초기 산도는 3.23~3.97%이며, 숙성 기간 동안 증가하여 대조군을 제외하고 저장 6주째 4.39~4.86%로 최고 수준에 이르렀다. 담금 초기 염도는 7.12~7.73%로 5% 첨가구가 7.12%로 가장 낮았으며, 숙성 기간동안 대조군에 비해 더덕분말 첨가구에서 염도 감소 효과가 큰 것으로 나타났다. 초기 아미노태 질소는 274.0~333.1% 수준이었으며, 더덕가루첨가량이 많을수록함량이높았는데, 그 이유는 더덕가루의 조단백 함량이 높기 때문으로 사료된다. 숙성기간 동안 아미노태 질소 함량은 대조군을 제외한 1%, 3%, 5% 더덕분말 첨가구에서 6주째까지는 증가하였다가 그 이후 감소하는 경향을 나타냈다. 유리래디칼 소거작용의 경우 담금 초기 더덕분말 첨가량이 증가할수록 유리래디칼 소거작용이 유의적으로 높아졌으며(p<0.05), 숙성 전 기간에 걸쳐 대조군에 비해 1%, 3%, 5% 더덕분말 첨가구의 유리래디칼 소거작용이 높은 것으로 나타나 기능성 식품 개발 가능성을 확인할 수 있었다.

양파즙을 추출하여 수분과 설탕비를 맞추어 쌀가루 대비 1%, 3%, 5%를 첨가하여 백설기를 제조하여 $4^{\circ}C$, $18^{\circ}C$, $30^{\circ}C$에 저장 중 품질변화 및 관능적 특성을 살펴보았다. 설기의 pH 변화는 양파즙 첨가 설기가 무첨가군에 비해 낮게 나타났으며, $4^{\circ}C$에 저장한 pH가 가장 높게 나타났다. 경도를 측정한 결과, 양파즙 5% 첨가군이 가장 낮았고, 무첨가군이 높았으며, $18^{\circ}C$보다 $4^{\circ}C$, $30^{\circ}C$에서 더 빨리 노화가 진행되었다. 색도를 측정한 결과, 양파즙 첨가량이 증가할수록 명도(L값)는 높게 나타났으며, 적색도(a값)는 감소하였다. 황색도(b값)는 양파즙 첨가량이 많을수록 높게 나타났다. 수분활성도 변화를 측정한 결과, 양파즙을 첨가할수록 수분 활성도는 높았다. 호기성균과 곰팡이균도 양파즙을 첨가할수록 적게 나타났으며, $4^{\circ}C$에서 가장 적게 나타났다. 관능평가 결과, 색, 향, 삼킨 후의 느낌과 전체적인 기호도에서 1% 첨가군이 가장 높게 평가되었으나, 무첨가군과 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 관능 결과를 통하여 양파즙 1~2%를 첨가하는 것이 최적의 범위로 판단되었고, 양파즙을 첨가함으로 인해 건강, 기호성 식품일 뿐만 아니라, 제품의 저장 기간도 연장시켜주는 것으로 확인되었다. 양파즙 1% 첨가 설기 제조 시 $4^{\circ}C$, $18^{\circ}C$에서는 3일 저장, $30^{\circ}C$에서 1일 저장하는 것이 바람직한 것으로 보인다.

Glutinous rice dduk, traditional Korean rice cake, was prepared using rice(white glutinous rice, brown glutinous rice, black glutinous rice, gaba glutinous rice) as a meal alternative, and each of their quality characteristics were compared. This study had checked sensory tests, color differences, moisture contents, texture characteristics, and storage lives of dduk during storage at room temperature for 6 days. The moisture contents of black glutinous rice dduk scored the highest. For color properties, gaba glutinous rice dduk was darker with a decreased yellow value, whereas its red value was higher comparing with that of brown glutinous rice dduk. The results of the preference test showed that appearance, flavor, texture, and overall preference were the highest in white glutinous rice dduk, whereas black glutinous rice dduk showed the lowest score. The results of the color difference test showed that softness, viscoelasticity, and fineness were the highest in white glutinous rice dduk, whereas black glutinous rice dduk showed the highest difference in color. For individual textural characteristics, black glutinous rice dduk showed the highest score, whereas white glutinous rice dduk showed the lowest scores in hardness, chewiness, and gumminess. In the results of the textural characteristics of dduk during storage, white glutinous rice dduk showed the highest increase in hardness after 48 hours, whereas black glutinous rice dduk showed the lowest increase. White glutinous rice dduk showed the highest increases in chewiness and gumminess. Cohesiveness decreased in all glutinous rice dduk. In the results of fungal occurrence in dduk during storage, black and gaba glutinous rice dduk showed increased fungi occurrence compared with white and brown glutinous rice dduk after 6 days. In conclusion, the overall preference for glutinous rice dduk made from different rice is more affected by appearance or texture than flavor.

The antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract of Cornus officinalis against some bacteria related to foodborne illness and food spoilage was investigated. In the case of the disc diffusion assay, clear zones due to the inhibition of proliferation by Cornus officinalis extract were 8.5~18.3 mm at $4,000{\mu}g/disc$. The inhibitory effect of Cornus officinalis was as follows: Escherichia. coli ${\geq}$ Listeria monocytogenes ${\geq}$ E. coli O157:H7 > Bacillus cereus > Staphylococcus aureus > Pseudomonas aeruginosa > Salmonella typhimurium. In addition, the MIC of Cornus officinalis extract toward B. cereus was the lowest at 1,000 ppm. The extract inhibited the growth of E. coli, L. monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7, and Bacillus cereus throughout the growth stage. However, the growth of P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and S. typhimurium was only inhibited by the extract during the lag phase. The constituents of all cells tested were released, especially E. coli and E. coli O157:H7. Observation of the cells using SEM demonstrated a morphological change and disruption of cells in response to treatment with Cornus officinalis extract. Based on these findings, the ethanol extracts of Cornus officinalis showed strong antimicrobial activity against all tested bacteria, indicating that Cornus officinalis can be a useful natural antimicrobial reagent.

The purpose of this study was to classify customer's satisfaction of coffee shops in term of economic and non-economic satisfaction, as well as to examine the effects of coffee shops image on customer's economic and non-economic satisfaction and customer brand loyalty. For this purpose, we collected data from 301 coffee shops, as well as from customers who visited brand name coffee shops in Seoul, Korea. The result of this CFA shows that this study was valid and reliable. Our findings were as follow: (1) Product and accessibility image of coffee shops influenced customer's economic satisfaction, whereas facility and staff image did not. (2) The effects of product, facility, staff and accessibility image on customer's non-economic satisfaction were significant. (3) Coffee shop image was not influenced by brand loyalty. (4) Economic and non-economic satisfaction had a significant impact on brand loyalty.