This research was conducted to examine the temporal methane ($CH_4$) and nitrous oxide ($N_2O$) emission trends in livestock agriculture from year 1990 to 2011 with Tier 1 national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory reporting method, which was related to efforts of decreasing GHG emissions and to achievement of voluntary GHG mitigation target. Methane emissions from enteric fermentation were calculated with default $CH_4$ emission factors of IPCC. Methane and $N_2O$ emissions from manure treatment processes were calculated with Tier 1 and mixture of Tier 1 and Tier 2 including $N_2O$ emission factors of manure treatment systems and nitrogen excretion rate of livestock, respectively. According to 2013 National GHG Inventory Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification report, GHG emission fluctuations from enteric fermentation and manure treatment processes were similarto livestock head fluctuation. GHG emissions from enteric fermentation were mainly affected by beef cattle including Hanwoo, while manure treatment processes were affected by various livestock.

Heat stress is a significant burden to animal production in most areas of the world. Improving our knowledge of physiological and metabolic mechanisms of acclimation may contribute to the development of procedures that may help to maintain health and production efficiency under hot temperature. The effect of Ulmus pumila (UP) extract in inducing Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) expression in heat-stressed RAW264.7 macrophage cells was investigated. Cell viability assay showed a dose dependent increase in cells after treatment with UP for 24 hours. RT-PCR and western blot analysis showed that increasing concentrations of UP induce the expression of Heat Shock Factor 1 (HSF1) and dose dependently upregulated the expression of Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and Hsp90. LPS-induced nitric oxide was dose-dependently reduced while phagocytic activity greatly recovered with UP treatment. These data demonstrated that UP can be a potential candidate in the development of cytoprotective agent against heat stress.

This study was researched for use by data for the improvement of ventilation system of optimum environmental control systems. The ventilation system for windowless swine housing was installed negative pressure system that circular pipe duct for inlet was installed on the ceiling and axial flow fan for exhaust was installed on the sidewall. The temperatures in the pen was measured using infrared thermography camera and thermocouple with data-logger. The temperature measurement points was selected by infrared thermography camera is alley (G), inlet (A), front-upper (B), front-lower (C), rear-upper (D), rear-lower (E), forward fan (F). The temperature measured at those selected points for temperature distribution was $28^{\circ}C$ that was maintained setting temperature in suitably. The temperature deviations of F point and A~E points in windowless swine housing was less then average $0.5^{\circ}C$. The result of air velocity of measured points was suitable to the breeding of pigs.

We conducted investigations of the information and welfare of cattle in Korea. The livestock housing of conventional cattle farms and organic cattle farms were open side wall type with winch curtain and used litter floor. The stocking density of conventional (ranging from $10head/m^2$ to $12.5head/m^2$) and organic cattle farms (ranging from $10head/m^2$ to $16.7head/m^2$) met the demand for conventional or organic standards, respectively. The galvanized plate and sunlight plate were used as the roof material in all of farms. Especially, additional areas were provided to produce forage or to improve animal welfare in organic cattle farms. Thus we believe that present data contribute to develop the animal welfare certification for cattle and to improve animal welfare in Korea.

This study was conducted to evaluate the housing design on the feeding behaviors of group housed pregnant sows. A total of 65 sows (Landrace ${\times}$ Yorkshire) were employed into 2 experimental sow housing with different housing design. Lying area of one of sow housing was designed with concrete fence to give the shelter for weak sows. The other was floor type without any obstacles. Group housed sows were fed using electronic sow feeder (ESF) during gestation. Daily feeding pattern of sows was automatically recorded in ESF feeder program. Most sows ate all feed during night. Daily visiting frequency to ESF of sows in pig pen with the shelter was significantly lowered than sows in floor type pen. This study showed that the housing design of group housed sow pen could fairly impact ESF utilization of sow.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of weaning period on the vocalization frequency of Hanwoo calf. Twelve Hanwoo calves were allocated into 4 groups, control (forced weaning on 90days) and treatment (weaning on 70, 90 and 120days with 5 adaptation days). After weaning, behavior and vocalization of Hanwoo calves were recorded on 3 consecutive days with closed circuit television (DTC-R5254, Digite Co., Ltd., Korea) and digital audio tape recorder (SR-900, Idamtech Co., Ltd., Korea). Vocalization frequency of Hanwoo calf were not significance difference with control and treatment group. Thus, additional studies of feed intake and body weight gain were needed to determine the weaning period of Hanwoo calves.

This research was conducted to grasp the present condition of environmental management relating to Korea detector dogs that performed their duties such as detection and lifesaving. We directly conducted a survey throughout visit to five government agencies. In environmental management case, average length and width of kennels were 1.78 m and 3.50 m, respectively. Types of floor were searched as coating cement, tile, ucrete and concrete. Most of government agencies ventilated kennels using ventilation fan systems with natural ventilation. But there were differences between government agencies in frequencies of the sanitary management items. On the other side, major diseases of the German shepherd breed as a major detector dog were in order of arthritis, measles, earache, and dermatosis. And their daily training time was average 4 hours. Finally, it is thought that these results could be used as a basic data of standard breeding management manual of Korea detector dog.

Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to study the potential of adulteration of imported forage. Hay samples were prepared two set ; calibration set and validation one. The former were mixed 12 sets from 100% to 50% with Yangcho (Chinese leymus, leymus chinensis Trin.) and the latter were adulterated with 6 set of 8% to 38% in 5% interval. Mixed materials with Yangcho were rice straw, reed and alfalfa. Stand error of prediction (SEP) in calibration equation for alfalfa, reed and rice straw were 0.97, 0.97 and 0.99 also 0.54, 0.86 and 1.26%. Multiple correlation coefficient ($R^2$) for alfalfa, reed and rice straw were 0.99, 0.97 and 0.99. SEP in the same samples were 1.88, 2.15 and 1.49, respectively.

A new tall fescue variety (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) named Greenmaster and Purumi were. In this study, we evaluated the seed production of new tall fescue domestic varieties were cultivated in Korea. Agronomic aspects of tall fescue domestic varieties were determined using seed production and forage nutritive value of straw at the National Institute of Animal Science from 2013 to 2014. The heading date according to the varieties displayed differences and domestic varieties showed enhanced disease resistance. The harvested seed yields of Greenmaster was 35% higher as 1,664 kg/ha and it's also yield of straw higher than that of Fawn. However, the nutritive value of both varieties was similar. The dry matter yield of Pumumi was 25% higher as 11,080 kg/ha. Accordingly, developed a new variety of domestic tall fescue with excellent environmental adaptability, aiming to make contribution to the vitalization of the Korean grassland industry.

Liquid fertilization of pig manure slurry is very useful treatment method to recycle organic waste matter as a valuable fertilizer. The solids precipitate and accumulated at the bottom of liquid fertilization tank. The content of nitrogen and phosphate are higher in sediment than pig manure slurry. The pH of sediment was 7.53. S-COD/T-COD ratio of pig manure slurry and sediment were 0.477, 0.29, respectively. The moisture content of sediment of pig manure slurry and sediment were 80.45~83.82%, 97%, respectively. The content of organic matter of sediment was 8.79~10.56%. The content of nitrogen and phosphate of sediment and pig manure slurry were 9,000~11,100 mg/L, 9,100~11,100 mg/L, respectively. The particle size of pig manure slurry was distributed from 2 mm to 0.125 mm. On the other hand. the particle size of sediment was under 0.125 mm.