Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology (한국농림기상학회지)

Korean Society of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology (한국농림기상학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Evaluation of Habitat Suitability of Major Honey Trees in the Mt. Gariwang and Mt. Yumeong through Machine Learning Approach

머신러닝기법을 활용한 가리왕산과 유명산 지역 주요 밀원수의 서식지 적합성 평가

  • Yong-Ju Lee (Department of Forest Resources, Kookmin University) ;
  • Min-Ki Lee (Department of Forest Resources, Kookmin University) ;
  • Hae-In Lee (Forest Carbon Graduate School, Kookmin University) ;
  • Chang-Bae Lee (Department of Forest Resources, Kookmin University) ;
  • Hyeong-Seok Sim (Department of Forest Resources, Kookmin University)
  • 이용주 (국민대학교 산림자원학과) ;
  • 이민기 (국민대학교 산림자원학과) ;
  • 이해인 (국민대학교 탄소흡수원 특성화대학원) ;
  • 이창배 (국민대학교 산림자원학과) ;
  • 심형석 (국민대학교 산림자원학과)
  • Received : 2023.11.20
  • Accepted : 2023.12.16
  • Published : 2023.12.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This study was conducted to analyze the habitat suitability of the major honey trees including Kalopanax septemlobus Koidz., Prunus spp., Tilia spp., and Styrax obassia Siebold & Zucc. indigenous to mountain Gariwang and Yumeong using the machine learning approach (i.e., MaxEnt model). The AUC values of the model predictions were mostly above 0.7, and the results of the response curves showed that the environmental drivers that had effects on the habitat suitability of the major honey trees were elevation, mean annual precipitation, and mean annual temperature. These results indicate that climatic drivers along the elevation gradient are the main environmental drivers in explaining the distribution patterns of the major honey trees. In addition, the results of the response curves of Prunus spp. and Styrax obassia Siebold & Zucc. differed slightly in terms of slope and mean annual solar radiation as the main environmental drivers. The results of this study will be valuable for the establishment of honey tree forests and management plans for the natural and artificial forests in South Korea, as well as for the mapping the distribution of honey trees. Further studies at different regional levels, reflecting biotic drivers, will be needed to expand the production of honey and pollen at different strata and to produce honey annually.

본 연구는 가리왕산, 유명산에 자생하는 주요 밀원수종인 음나무, 벚나무류, 피나무류 및 쪽동백나무를 대상으로 머신러닝기법(i.e., MaxEnt)을 활용하여 서식지 적합성 분석을 수행하였다. 분석 결과, 모형의 예측정확도인 AUC 값은 대부분의 밀원수종이 0.7 이상이었으며, 주요 환경 변수에 대한 반응 곡선 결과 주요 밀원수종의 서식지 적합성에 영향을 미치는 환경적 요인은 고도, 연평균 강수량, 연평균 기온으로 나타났다. 이는 고도 구배에 따른 기후 인자가 주요 밀원수종의 분포 패턴 설명에 있어 주요한 환경 변수임을 의미한다. 본 연구는 우리나라 밀원수림의 조성 및 관리 전략수립 뿐만 아니라 밀원수종의 분포도 제작 시 근거 자료로써 기여할 수 있을 것이다. 향후 다양한 층위에서의 꿀과 화분의 생산량 증대 및 꿀의 주년 생산을 위해서는 생물학적 변수를 반영한 다양한 지역 단위의 추가적인 데이터 수집 및 분석이 필요할 것이다.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

본 연구는 산림청(한국임업진흥원) 산림과학기술연구개발사업 '(2021362C10-2223-BD01)' 및 '(2019150C10-2223-0301)'의 지원으로 이루어진 것입니다.

References

  1. Arheimer, B., J. Dahne, G. Lindstrom, L. Marklund, and J. Stromqvist, 2011: Multi-variable evaluation of an integrated model system covering Sweden (S-HYPE). IAHSAISH Publication 345(1): 145-150.
  2. Baek, W. K., Park, W. G., and W. C. Lee, 1998: Flora and Vegetations of Resources Plants in the Mt.Kariwang(Kangwon-do). Korean journal of plant resources 11(1), 217-0.
  3. Baldwin R. A., 2009: Use of maximum entropy modeling in wildlife research. Entropy 11(4), 854-866. https://doi.org/10.3390/e11040854
  4. Byun, J. G., J. W. Jang, J. C. Yang, Y. M. Lee, S. Y. Jung, S. J. Ji, J. Jang, H. J. Lee, H. S. Hwan, and S. H. Oh, 2013: The flora of vascular plants in Mt. Gariwang protected area for forest genetic resource conservation, South Korea. Journal of Korea Resource Plant Society 26(5), 566-588. https://doi.org/10.7732/kjpr.2013.26.5.566
  5. Brown, J. L., 2014: SDM toolbox: a python-based GIS toolkit for landscape genetic, biogeographic and species distribution model analyses. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 5(7), 694-700. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12200
  6. Cha, W. C., Park, J. H., Cho, U. R., and J. C. Kim, 2014: Design of generation efficiency fuzzy prediction model using solar power element data. The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers 63(10), 1423-1427. https://doi.org/10.5370/KIEE.2014.63.10.1423
  7. Cho, N. H., Kim, E. S., Lee, B., Lim, J. H., and S. Kang, 2020: Predicting the potential distribution of Pinus densiflora and analyzing the relationship with environmental variable using MaxEnt model. Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 22(2), 47-56.
  8. Choi, S. Y., 1973: Modification and Enhancement of Melittology, Jiphyeonsa, Seoul, Korea, 312pp.
  9. Choi, G. S., Choi, J. Y., Yoon, G. S., Lee, J. H., Han, B. H., Lee, S. H., Hwang, J. H., and J. J. Kim, 2013: Growth Characteristics of 1-year-old seedlings of Prunus sargentii by Different Seedling Density. Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science, 137-139.
  10. Choi, J. H., Yoo, S. K., Lee, S. W., and S. G. Oh, 2007: The Effect of Seedlings Density in Nursery on Biomass Production and Growth Characteristic of Styrax obassia. Journal of Bio-Environment Control 16(3), 217-221.
  11. Chun, J. H., C. B. Lee, and S. M. Yoo, 2015: Shifts of geographic distribution of Pinus koraiensis based on climate change scenarios and GARP model. Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 17(4), 348-357. https://doi.org/10.5532/KJAFM.2015.17.4.348
  12. Chun, K. I., Park, B. J., Sou, H. D., Chun, J. H., Joo, S. H., Seo, D. J., and J. G. Byeon, 2018: Community Classification and Character of Distribution of Woody Vegetation in Mt. Gyebangsan. Journal of Agriculture & Life Science 52(1), 119-131.
  13. Do, M. S., Lee, J. H., Gwon, J. H., and H. K. Song, 2012: Vegetation structure and ecological properties of Picea jezoensis community. Korean Journal of Agricultural Science 39(4), 525-534. https://doi.org/10.7744/cnujas.2012.39.4.525
  14. Han, D. B., 2023: Research on the public value of bees and beekeeping direct payment system. Korea Rural Economic Institute, Naju.
  15. Han, J. G., and S. H. Kim, 2008: Flowering and Nectar Secretion Characteristics of Honey Palnt, Hovenia dulcis var. koreana Nakai. Journal of Apiculture 23(3), 199-205.
  16. Han, J. G., Kim, S. H., and M. S. Kang, 2010: Pollen secretion characteristics of honey plant species for annual honey production. Journal of Apiculture 25-25.
  17. Jang, J. W., 2009: (A) study on honey plants in Korea: the kind of honey plants in Korea and around a former scanning electron microscope form structure of the pollen. Daegu. Daegu University.
  18. Kang, D. Y., Seol, A., Oh, J. C., Jung, Y. K., Hee, H., and J. S. Chung, 2017: Analyzing the management charateristics of beekeeping households according to their beekeeping types. Journal of Apiculture 32(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.17519/apiculture.2017.04.32.1.1
  19. Kang, D. Y., 2018: Analysis on honey plants selection for and economic impacts of multi-functional honey plant complex. Seoul. Seoul National University.
  20. Kang, H. S., 2003: Site and growth characteristics, and natural regeneration pattern of Kalopanax pictus growing at Mt. joongwang located in pyungchang-gun, kangwon-do. Seoul National University.
  21. Kass, J. M., Vilela, B., Aiello-Lammens, M. E., Muscarella, R., Merow, C., and R. P. Anderson, 2018: Wallace: A flexible platform for reproducible modeling of species niches and distributions built for community expansion. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 9(4), 1151-1156. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12945
  22. Kim, D.H., Kim, S.H., and C.H. Oh, 2015: Ecological characteristic in communities of Pinus densiflora at the Mt. Baekdudaegan-Between Cheonghwasan and Namdeogyusan-. Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology 25(2), 69pp.
  23. Kim, H. S., I. S. Kim, K. H. Hong, N. Y. Kim, K. S. Park, J. Y. Kim, and W. G. Park, 2003: A Study on the flora and community classification of forest vegetation in the Mt. Yumyeong. Journal of Forest and Environmental Science 19, 69-84.
  24. Kim, J. E., and D. H. Yang, 2000: The study of natural recreational forest as geographical tourism resources. Journal of Forest Recreation 4(3), 55-73.
  25. Kim, M. J., Na, S. J., Kwon, H. Y., and Y. K. Kim, 2021: Honey plant forest creation techniques for resident beekeeping. Korea Forest Research Institute, Seoul.
  26. Kim, M. J., Son, M., Lee, J., and C. Jung, 2022a: Blooming Time of Tilia amurensis Rupr. in Mountainous Area and Prediction of its Blooming Progress Using Growing Degree Day Model. Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 24(1), 1-12.
  27. Kim, S., Song, J. E., Park, C. H., Min, S. H., Hong, S. H., Lim, J. S., and Y. M. Son, 2022c: Derivation of Suitable-Site Environmental Factors in Robinia pseudoacacia Stands Using Type I Quantification Theory. Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science 111(3), 428-434.
  28. Kim, T. W., and Y. M. Lee, 1989: The state and propagation plans of honey plants in Korea. Korean Journal of Apiculture 4(1), 9-18.
  29. Kim, Y. K., Na, S. J., Kwon, H. Y., and W. G. Park, 2022b: Evaluation of Honey Production of Ligustrum japonicum and Viburnum odoratissimum var. awabuki in the Southern Part of Korea. Journal of Apiculture 37(1), 35-44. https://doi.org/10.17519/apiculture.2022.04.37.1.35
  30. Kopecky, M., M. Macek, and J. Wild, 2021: Topographic wetness index calculation guidelines based on measured soil moisture and plant species composition. Science of The Total Environment 757, 143785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143785
  31. Kramer-Schadt, S., J. Niedballa, J. D. Pilgrim, B. Schroder, J. Lindenborn, V. Reinfelder, M. Stillfried, I. Heckmann, A. K. Scharf, D. M. Augeri, S. M. Cheyne, A. J. Hearn, J. Ross, D. W. Macdonald, J. Mathai, J. Eaton, A. J. Marshall, G. Semiadi, R. Rustam, H. Bernard, R. Alfred, H. Samejima, J. W. Duckworth, C. B-.Wuersten, J. L. Belant, H. Hofer and A. Wilting, 2013: The importance of correcting for sampling bias in MaxEnt species distribution models. Diversity and distributions 19(11), 1366-1379. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12096
  32. Landaverde, R., Rodriguez, M. T., and J. A. Parrella, 2023: Honey Production and Climate Change: Beekeepers' Perceptions, Farm Adaptation Strategies, and Information Needs. Insects 14(6), 493. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14060493
  33. Lee, C. B., and H. H. Kim, 2018: Elevational patterns of plant species richness and relative importance of climatic and topographic factors on the mt. seorak, South Korea. Journal of Agriculture & Life Science 52, 702.
  34. Lee, H. J., Han, S. M., Woo, S. O., Kim, H. Y., Choi, H. M., and S. G. Kim, 2022: Antioxidant Activity of Prunus serrulata var. spontanea Pollen Collected by Apis mellifera. Journal of Apiculture 37(1), 45-50. https://doi.org/10.17519/apiculture.2022.04.37.1.45
  35. Lee, K. H., T. K. Yeo, and S. S. Jung, 2006: The Distribution and Life-form of Ferns in Gwangneung Forest. Korean journal of plant resources 19(5), 592-597.
  36. Lee, K. J., 1998: Seasonal distribution of flowering and classification of 198 woody species into honey-producing and pollen-collecting plants in Korea. Journal of Apiculture 13(2), 121-132.
  37. Lee, M. K., Chun, J. H., and C. B. Lee, 2021: Prediction of distribution changes of Carpinus laxiflora and C. tschonoskii based on climate change scenarios using MaxEnt model. Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 23(1), 55-67.
  38. Lee, M. J., 2017: Predicted the distribution of goral habitat in Korea using Maxent model : Seoraksan and Uljin-Samcheok area.
  39. Lee, M. S., and Y. W. Lee, 1999: Morphological Variation of Leaf in the Natural Population of a Honey Plant, Tilla Mandshurica Rupr. et Maxim. Journal of Apiculture 14(2), 71-78.
  40. Lee, Y. H., Hong, S. H., Na, C. S., Sohn, S. I., Kim, M. H., Kim, C. S., and Y. J. Oh, 2016: Predicting the suitable habitat of Amaranthus viridis based on climate change scenarios by MaxEnt. Korean Journal of Environmental Biology 34(4), 240-245. https://doi.org/10.11626/KJEB.2016.34.4.240
  41. Lee, Y. J., Lee, C. B., and M. K. Lee, 2023: Tree size variation induced by stand age mainly regulates aboveground biomass across three major stands of temperate forests in South Korea. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change 6, 1229661.
  42. Lim, B. E., Lee, Y. S., and U. G. Sim, 2011: Selecting trees based on the physiology and ecology of landscape trees - using the example of Styrax obassis planting. In Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture Conference (pp. 173-176). The Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture.
  43. Na, S. J., 2022: Honey plant resource discovery and valuation research, Korea Forest Research Institute, Seoul.
  44. Mueller, A. L., Berger, C. A., Schittenhelm, S., Stever-Schoo, B., & J. Dauber, 2020: Water availability affects nectar sugar production and insect visitation of the cup plant Silphium perfoliatum L.(Asteraceae). Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 206(5), 529-537. https://doi.org/10.1111/jac.12406
  45. Park, J. H., J. T. Im, G. H. Gu, M. K. Cho, H. R. Jung, J. H. Lee, and H. S. Moon, 2007: Species composition of forest vegetation in the Mt. Geumwon recreational forest. Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture 26(2), 149-158. https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2007.26.2.149
  46. Park, H. C., Lee, J. H., and G. G. Lee, 2014: Predicting the suitable habitat of the Pinus pumila under climate change. Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment 23(5), 379-392. https://doi.org/10.14249/eia.2014.23.5.379
  47. Phillips, S. J., R. P. Anderson, and R. E. Schapire, 2006: Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions. Ecological Modeling 190(3/4), 231-259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.03.026
  48. Ryu, J. B., 2003: Classification of honey plants in Korea. Journal of Apiculture 18(1), 5-22.
  49. Ryu, J. B., 2005: Honey plant - Kalopanax septemlobus (Thunb.) Koidz.). Korea Beekeeping Association.
  50. Sim, H. S., Lee, M. K., and C. B. Lee, 2022: Evaluation of Habitat Suitability of Honey Tree Species, Kalopanax septemlobus Koidz., Tilia amurensis Rupr. and Styrax obassis Siebold & Z ucc. in the Baekdudaegan Mountains using MaxEnt Model. Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science 111(1), 50-60.
  51. Thuiller, W., Georges, D., Engler, R., and F. Breiner, 2016: biomod2: Ensemble platform for species distribution modeling. R package version 3(3), r539.
  52. Um, T. W., and G. T. Kim, 2006: Distribution and growth characteristics of Acer pictum var. mono in relation to topography and soil in Mt. Joongwang, Gangwon Province. Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology 20(2), 200-207.
  53. Vinod, P. G., 2017: Development of topographic position index based on Jenness algorithm for precision agriculture at Kerala, India. Spatial Information Research 25(3), 381-388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41324-017-0104-8
  54. Weiss, A., 2001: Topographic position and landforms analysis. In Poster presentation, ESRI user conference, San Diego, CA (Vol. 200).
  55. Xue, J., Zhou, S., Wang, W., Huo, L., Zhang, L., Fang, X., and Z. Yang, 2018: Water availability effects on plant growth, seed yield, seed quality in Cassia obtusifolia L., a medicinal plant. Agricultural Water Management 195, 104-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2017.10.002
  56. Yost, A. C., S. L. Petersen, M. Gregg, and R. Miller, 2008: Predictive modeling and mapping sage grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) nesting habitat using Maximum Entropy and a long-term dataset from Southern Oregon. Ecological Informatics 3(6), 375-386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2008.08.004