Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea (한국경제지리학회지)

The Economic Geographical Society of Korea (한국경제지리학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Regional Characteristics of Industrial Clusters in Texas and the State Government's Development Strategy

텍사스 산업클러스터의 지역적 특징과 주정부의 발전 전략

  • Park, Kyonghwan (Department of Geography Education, Chonnam National University) ;
  • Lee, Jae-Youl (Department of Geography Education, Chungbuk National University)
  • Received : 2022.08.31
  • Published : 2022.09.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Texas has recently emerged as a phenomenal industrial destination, which attracts headquarters, production facilities, and/or regional centers of global corporations including Tesla and Samsung. Known as "Texit", this trend of corporate investment to Texas has concentrated in highly developed industrial clusters (such as Dallas-Fort Worth, Houston, Austin, and San Antonio) since the early 2000s. Against this background, this paper examines sectoral and geographical characteristics of those clusters, and investigates associated state initiatives that have been introduced and implemented. As a result, key policy measures in the state are found to be aligned to free-market liberalism, diversified incentives, and regional specialization. Unlike Silicon Valley where Bohemian liberalism engendered vibrant entrepreneurship and innovative start-up formation, it is the strong state government that leads industrial cluster upgrading in Texas, while successfully harnessing lower income taxes and deregulation, affordable land and infrastructure, and quality higher education and human capital as regional assets for attracting inward investment.

최근 테슬라나 삼성전자 등 글로벌 기업들이 미국 텍사스 주로 본사를 이전하거나, 기존 생산시설의 확장 또는 신규 지역거점본부를 설립하는 현상이 두드러지게 나타나고 있다. 이른바 '텍시트(Texit)'로까지 명명되는 텍사스를 향한 기업들의 투자 행렬은 2000년대부터 가속화되어 오고 있는 현상이며, 지리적으로 댈러스-포트워스, 휴스턴, 오스틴, 샌안토니오를 중심으로 하는 대도시권 산업클러스터에 집중되어 있다. 이를 배경으로 본 논문은 텍사스 대도시권 산업클러스터의 부문별 현황과 지리적 특징을 고찰하고, 강력한 제도적 행위자로서 텍사스 주정부가 어떠한 산업클러스터 발전 정책을 추진해 왔는지를 살펴본다. 연구 결과, 텍사스의 시장자유주의 정책, 다각화된 인센티브 프로그램, 대도시권별 특성화 등이 주정부 발전 전략의 핵심을 이루고 있는 것으로 파악되었다. 텍사스는 실리콘밸리와 같이 보헤미안적 자유주의에 바탕을 둔 국지화된 기업가주의와 그에 따른 창업이 활발하지는 않지만, 강력한 주정부의 리더십 하에서 낮은 세율과 규제완화, 저렴한 토지와 인프라, 우수한 교육제도와 인적자본 등에서 경쟁우위를 형성하여 이를 외부 투자유치에 적극적으로 활용하고 있다.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

이 논문은 전남대학교 연구년교수 연구비(과제번호: 2021-3871) 지원에 의하여 연구되었음.

References

  1. 권오혁, 2015, "산업클러스터의 개념과 범위," 대한지리학회지 52(1), pp.55-71.
  2. 김혜남, 2007, 미국 주정부의 외국인 투자유치 행정: 6개 주정부의 외국인 투자유치를 중심으로, 한국지방자치국제화재단 뉴욕사무소.
  3. 남기범, 2004, "클러스터 정책실패의 교훈," 한국경제지리학회지 7(3), pp.407-432.
  4. 남기범, 2016, "'선택과 집중'의 종언: 포스트클러스터 지역산업정책의 논거와 방향," 한국경제지리학회지 19(4), pp.764-781. https://doi.org/10.23841/egsk.2016.19.4.764
  5. 동아사이언스, 2021, "[우주산업 리포트] 미국 텍사스가 세계 우주산업의 중심이 될 수 있었던 이유," 9월 24일.
  6. 디지털타임스, 2019, "[스마트시티] '기업들의 천국' 美텍사스주, 법인.소득세 0%," 3월 3일.
  7. 매일경제, 2021, "사람과 기업 몰려오게 만든 미국 텍사스주가 부럽다," 5월 17일.
  8. 박경환, 2011, "글로벌, 로컬, 스케일: 공간과 장소를 둘러싼 정치," 로컬리티인문학 5, pp.47-85.
  9. 박경환, 2013, "Review on Andrew Herod's Scale," Localities 3, pp.233-244.
  10. 박경환, 2015, "샌디에이고 대도시권의 산업 클러스터와 도시 거버넌스," 한국도시지리학회지 18(2), pp.19-43.
  11. 박경환.이영민.이용균 역, 2016, 공간을 위하여, 심산(=Massey, D., 2005, For Space, London: Sage).
  12. 유재윤, 2000, "풍요와 번영의 도시: 댈러스," 국토연구 225, pp.82-87.
  13. 유회명, 2021, "텍사스의 '서부화 전략'과 미국 보수주의의 부활," 미국사연구 53, pp.221-246.
  14. 이데일리, 2021, "美 IT기업 잇단 脫실리콘밸리...테슬라도 텍사스로 본사 이전," 10월 8일.
  15. 이수민, 2017, 반도체산업 첨단 클러스터 구축과 정부의 역할: 미국 오스틴 실리콘 힐과 독일 드레스덴 실리콘 색소니의 사례 비교 연구, 이화여자대학교 박사학위논문.
  16. 이재열, 2016a, "글로벌 생산네트워크 담론의 진화: 기업 및 산업 중심 거버넌스 분석을 넘어서," 대한지리학회지 51(5), pp.667-690.
  17. 이재열, 2016b, "미국 위스콘신주 매디슨시 바이오산업 지역우위 구축 과정: 줄기세포 분야를 중심으로," 한국지리학회지 5(3), pp.357-373.
  18. 이재열, 2022, "자본의 문화적 순환과 한국 지역발전 정책의 진화: 새로운 관리주의 거버넌스 형태의 등장?," 한국경제지리학회지 25(2), pp.237-253. https://doi.org/10.23841/EGSK.2022.25.2.237
  19. 이재열.박경환, 2018, "초국적기업의 사회적 착근성에 관한 소고: 사업체계론을 중심으로," 한국지리학회지 7(1), pp.85-96.
  20. 이재열 역, 2021, 도시의 열쇠, 국토연구원(=Storper, M., 2013, Keys to the City: How Economics, Institutions, Social Interaction, and Politics Shape Development, Princeton: Princeton University Press).
  21. 이철우.이원호.이종호.서민철 역, 2018, 핵심 개념으로 배우는 경제지리학, 서울: 푸른길 (=Aoyama, Y, Murphy, J, and Hanson, S., 2010, Key Concepts in Economic Geography, London: Sage).
  22. 전경숙, 2013, "텍사스 주 러벅시의 지역성, 성장 자원과 지속가능한 도시 만들기," 한국도시지리학회지 16(3), pp.13-26.
  23. 전혜미, 2011, "美 캘리포니아가 배우고 싶은 텍사스의 노하우는?," KOTRA 해외시장뉴스, 4월 25일.
  24. 주간동아, 2021, "'법인세.개인소득세 제로' 텍사스, 테크기업 몰린다," 12월 7일.
  25. 중앙일보, 2021, "억만장자 일론 머스크가 LA에서 텍사스로 이사한 이유," 12월 1일.
  26. 한국경제, 2021, "美 텍사스가 기업 성지로 뜨는 이유," 1월 18일.
  27. Agnew, D., 2021, "Texas Legislature: A Texas economic incentive offers massive tax breaks to companies, but its renewal isn't a done deal," Texas Tribune, April 29.
  28. Amin, A. and Thrift, N., 1994, "Living in the global," in Amin, A. and Thrift, N.(eds.), Globalisation, Institutions and Regional Development in Europe, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.1-24.
  29. Asheim, B. and Gertler, M., 2005, "The geography of innovation: regional innovation systems," in J. Fagerberg, D. Mowery, and Nelson, R.(eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Innovation, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.291-317.
  30. Bathelt, H., Malmberg, A. and Maskell, P., 2004, "Clusters and knowledge: local buzz, global pipelines and the process of knowledge creation," Progress in Human Geography 28(1), pp.31-56. https://doi.org/10.1191/0309132504ph469oa
  31. Bloomberg, 2021a, "Elon Musk's California Exit Can Save Him $2 Billion in Taxes," November 29. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-11-29/how-much-tax-does-elon-musk-save-by-moving-to-texas-and-selling-tesla-stock
  32. Bloomberg, 2021b, "Tesla's Texas Move Is Latest Sign of California Losing Tech Grip," October 8, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-10-08/tesla-s-texas-move-is-latest-sign-of-california-losing-tech-grip
  33. Boschma, R. A. and Freken, K., 2006, "Why is economic geography not an evolutionary science? Toward an evolutionary economic geography," Journal of Economic Geography 6(3), pp.273-302. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbi022
  34. Buss, D., 2022, "Texas tops 2022 best & worst states for business survey of CEOs, chief executive," April 26. https://chiefexecutive.net/texas-tops-2022-best-worst-states-for-business-survey-of-ceos/
  35. Coe N., Hess, M., Yeung, H., Dicken, P. and Henderson, J., 2004, "Globalizing regional development: a global production networks perspective," Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 29, pp.468-484. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0020-2754.2004.00142.x
  36. Coe, N., Dicken, P. and Hess, M., 2008, "Global production networks: Realizing the potential," Journal of Economic Geography 8(3), pp.271-295. doi:10.1093/jeg/lbn002
  37. De Backer, K., Menon, C., Desnoyers-James, I. and Moussiegt, L., 2016, Reshoring: Myth or Reality?, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers, No. 27, OECD Publishing, Paris. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5jm56frbm38s-en
  38. Echeverri-Carroll, E. and Oden, M., 2016, Preliminary Assessment of the Factors That Led Austin to Become a High-Tech Entrepreneurial City, Report funded by the Kauffman Foundation, University of Texas at Austin.
  39. Erber, G. and Hagemann, H., 2005, The New Economy in a Growth Crisis, London: Routledge.
  40. Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, 2007, "Industry clusters shape Texas economy," Southwest Economy, September/October, pp.3-7.
  41. Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, 2018, At the Heart of Texas: Cities' Industry Clusters Drive Growth, Special Report.
  42. Florida, R., 2002a, "Bohemia and economic geography," Journal of Economic Geography, 2, pp.55-71. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/2.1.55
  43. Florida, R., 2002b, "The economic geography of talent," Annals of the Association of American Geographers 92(4), pp.743-755. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8306.00314
  44. Granovetter, M., 1985, "Economic action and social structure: the problem of embeddedness," American Journal of Sociology 91, pp.481-510. https://doi.org/10.1086/228311
  45. Granovetter, M., 2005, "The impact of social structure on economic outcomes," Journal of Economic Perspectives 19(1), pp.33-50. https://doi.org/10.1257/0895330053147958
  46. Houston Chronicle, 2022, "Abbott grants $10 million to spaceports in Houston and South Texas," January 13. https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/space/article/Abbott-grants-10-million-to-spaceports-in-16773595.php
  47. Independent, 2021, "Texit: Why high-tech giants are fleeing Silicon Valley for Texas," July 16, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/exit-musk-silicon-valley-texas-b1774644.html
  48. Konnect, 2021, "어스틴 2040(1부): 뜨는 도시 어스틴 "발전 가능성은?," 1월 22일.
  49. Kroenig, M., 2020, The Return of Great Power Rivalry: Democracy versus Autocracy from the Ancient World to the U.S. and China, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  50. Lopez, E., Stadelmann, M. and Sterken Jr., R., 2020, Uncovering Texas Politics in the 21st Century, Tyler, TX: The University of Texas at Tyler Press.
  51. Los Angeles Times, 2022, "Silicon Valley's tech monopoly is over. Is the future in Austin, Texas?", February 9, https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2022-02-09/silicon-valleys-tech-monopoly-is-over
  52. McNichol, E. and Johnson, N., 2012, The Texas Economic Model: Hard for Other States to Follow and Not All It Seems, Center on Budget and Policy Priorities.
  53. Munir, K. A., 2002, "Being different: how normative and cognitive aspects of institutional environments influence technology transfer," Human Relations 55(12), pp.1403-1428. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872602128782204
  54. OECD, 2021, Understanding Countries' Net-Zero Emissions Targets, Environment Directorate International Energy Agency, OECD.
  55. Perryman, M., 2016, "The Texas economy: past performance and future expectations," Today's CPA 3&4, 22-25.
  56. Porter, M., 2000, "Locations, clusters and company strategy," in Clark, G., Feldman, M. and Gertler, M.(eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Economic Geography, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.15-34.
  57. Porter, M., 2003, "The economics performance of regions," Regional Studies 37, pp.549-578. https://doi.org/10.1080/0034340032000108697
  58. Reuter, D. and Kiersz, A., 2021, "Elon Musk has a $2.5 billion reason to move to Texas: avoiding California capital gains tax," Business Insider, November 30.
  59. San Antonio Economic Development Foundation, 2018, Annual Report(2017): Building, Changing, Growing, TX: San Antonio.
  60. Saxenian, A., 1991, "The origin and dynamics of production networks in Silicon Valley," Research Policy 20, pp.423-437. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-7333(91)90067-Z
  61. Saxenian, A., 1999, Silicon Valley's New Immigrant Entrepreneurs, San Francisco: University of California Press.
  62. Segal, E., 2022, "Supply chain crisis worsens as Russia's war against Ukraine continues," Forbes, April 4.
  63. Storper, M., 1995, "The resurgence of regional economies, ten year later: the region as a nexus of untraded interdependencies," European Urban and Regional Studies 2, pp.191-222. https://doi.org/10.1177/096977649500200301
  64. Storper, M., 1997, The Regional World: Territorial Development in a Global Economy, London: Guilford Press.
  65. Tellis, A., 2019, "The Return of U.S.-China Strategic Competition," in Tellis, A., Szalwinski, A., and Willis, A.(eds.), Strategic Asia 2020: US-China Competition for Global Influence, The National Bureau of Asian Research, pp.3-43.
  66. Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts, 2021, Economic Stabilization Fund, State Government of Texas. https://comptroller.texas.gov/economy/fiscal-notes/2016/september/rainy-day.php
  67. Texas Economic Development & Tourism, 2020a, Texas Industry Clusters, Office of the Governor, https://gov.texas.gov/business/page/target-industries
  68. Texas Economic Development & Tourism, 2020b, Texas Industry Concentrations: Where the State's Key Sectors Cluster. Office of the Governor. https://gov.texas.gov/uploads/files/business/concentrations.pdf
  69. Texas Economic Development & Tourism, 2021a, Gone to Texas: Texas Economic Development Guide 2021~2022, Volume 12, Conway Data.
  70. Texas Economic Development & Tourism, 2021b, Texas Enterprise Fund: 2021 Legislative Report, Office of the Governor.
  71. Texas Economic Development & Tourism, 2021c, Texas Business Incentives & Programs: Overview, https://gov.texas.gov/uploads/files/business/IncentivesOverview.pdf
  72. Texas Economic Development & Tourism, 2022a, A Decade of Domination: Texas Economic Development Guide 2022~2023, Volume 13, Conway Data.
  73. Texas Economic Development & Tourism, 2022b, Texas Enterprise Zone Program Overview, revised on February 14, https://gov.texas.gov/uploads/files/business/EZPOverview_.pdf
  74. Texas Economic Development and Tourism, 2021d, Governor's University Research Initiative 2021 Legislative Report: 87th Session, https://gov.texas.gov/uploads/files/business/2020_GURI.pdf
  75. Texas Economic Development Corporation, 2022, "Texas adds tier 1, tier 2 universities in 2021," January 31, https://businessintexas.com/blog/texas-adds-tier-1-tier-2-universities-in-2021
  76. Texas Municipal League, 2020, Texas Municipal League Economic Development Handbook. https://www.tml.org/185/Economic-Development-Handbook-2020
  77. Texas State Government, 2021, Population Transition in Metropolitan Area. https://data.texas.gov/
  78. Texas Tribune, 2022, "How Californians are diversifying Texas and could change its political landscape," February 11. https://www.texastribune.org/2022/02/02/californians-in-texas/
  79. Texas Workforce Commission, 2022, Skills Development Fund. https://www.twc.texas.gov/files/businesses/skills-development-fund-overview-twc.pdf
  80. Torres, L. and Gaines, J., 2014, "Major metros, border cities," Texas Economy, Publication 2057.
  81. TTARA, 2017, "The Economic Stabilization Fund Origins and Historical Use," TTARA Research Report, March, pp.1-6.
  82. US Bureau of Economic Analysis, 2021, Bea data by topics. https://www.bea.gov/data/gdp
  83. US Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2022, Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by state, https://www.bls.gov/news.release/union2.t05.htm
  84. US Census Bureau, 2021, Population statistics by state. https://www.census.gov/