DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Characteristics of Hypoxic Water Mass Occurrence in the Northwestern Gamak Bay, Korea, 2017

2017년 한국 가막만 북서내만해역 빈산소수괴 발생의 특성

  • Jeong, Hui-Ho (The Graduate School of Environmental and Symbiotic Science, Prefectural University of Kumamoto) ;
  • Choi, Sang-Duk (Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries & Ocean Science, Chonnam National University) ;
  • Cho, Hyeon-Seo (Department of Ocean Integrated Science, College of Fisheries & Ocean Science, Chonnam National University)
  • 정희호 (쿠마모토현립대학 환경공생학과) ;
  • 최상덕 (전남대학교 수산해양대학 양식생물학과) ;
  • 조현서 (전남대학교 수산해양대학 해양융합학과)
  • Received : 2021.08.10
  • Accepted : 2021.10.28
  • Published : 2021.10.31

Abstract

As hypoxia adversely affects the marine environment in northwestern Gamak Bay every summer, the present study determined its comprehensive occurrence mechanisms using the Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA) and suggested management directions based on the primary MRA factors. The first hypoxia occurred by thermocline related to weather conditions, with organic matter deposited inside the bay on 26th June, 2017. Additionally, on 12th July, halocline was also developed by increased rainfall, and the hypoxia was most expanded horizontally and vertically. The primary factors were the stratification and deposited organic matter. In contrast, the hypoxia correlated to phytoplankton growth and deposited organic matter on 8th August was diminished with remarkably less precipitation. However, the stable halocline was caused by massive precipitation, and the reproduced phytoplankton re-generated the expanded hypoxia on 16th August despite a short sampling interval. Subsequently, the hypoxia influenced by the deposited organic matter spread shallowly along the seafloor on 13th September as the extinction period. These results suggest that stratification alleviation technologies, and the improvement and removal of the organic matter deposited on the surface sediment are necessary.

가막만 북서내만해역에서 매년 여름 발생하는 빈산소수괴는 해양환경에 악영향을 미쳐왔다. 따라서, 본 연구는 빈산소수괴 발생시기의 집중적인 현장조사 결과를 바탕으로 다중회귀분석(MRA)을 이용하여 빈산소수괴의 종합적인 발생 메커니즘을 밝혀내고, 그 주요인에 따른 빈산소수괴 관리방안의 방향성을 모색하였다. 그 결과, 2017년 첫 빈산소수괴는 6월 26일에 발생하였으며, 기상 조건에 의한 수온약층의 형성과 퇴적된 유기물의 영향으로 형성되었다. 이어 7월 12일에는 강우량의 증가에 의한 염분약층의 형성으로, 조사 시기 중 빈산소수괴가 수직 및 수평적으로 가장 크게 확장되었다. 그리고, 8월 8일에는 소량의 강우로 빈산소수괴가 크게 약화되었으며, 이때 주 요인은 Chlorophyll-a 농도 증가(식물플랑크톤 증식)과 퇴적된 유기물이었다. 그리고, 약 1주일 후인 8월 16일에는 많은 강우량에 기인한 매우 안정된 염분약층과 Chlorophyll-a 농도 증가(식물플랑크톤 증식)에 의해 크게 확장된 빈산소수괴가 재발생하였다. 이후 9월 13일의 빈산소수괴 소멸시기에서는 빈산소수괴가 해저 면을 따라 얕게 확장되었으며, 퇴적된 유기물에 의해 주로 영향을 받은 것으로 나타났다. 이는 빈산소수괴 관리를 위해서는 퇴적된 유기물의 개선뿐만 아니라 성층의 완화 기술이 필요함을 암시하였다.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

이 논문은 2017년도 국립수산과학원 수산시험연구사업인 남해연안어업 및 환경생태 조사(R2017032)의 지원으로 수행된 연구입니다. 조사 및 도움을 주신 많은 분들께 감사의 말씀드립니다.

References

  1. An, J. S., Y. S. Lee, and D. M. Oh(2012), A Study on 3-Dimensional Advection-Diffusion Model Operating Density Current Generator in Agriculture Lake, Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society, Vol. 13, No. 7, pp. 3275-3284. https://doi.org/10.5762/KAIS.2012.13.7.3275
  2. Canada Ontario Province(2019), Guidelines for Identifying, Assessing and Managing Contaminated Sediments in Ontario, https://www.ontario.ca/document/guidelines-identifying-assessing-and-managing-contaminated-sediments-ontario/identification-and-assessment.
  3. Gray, J. S., R. S. Wu, and Y. Y. Or(2002), Effects of hypoxia and organic enrichment on the coastal marine environment, Marine Ecology Progress Series, Vol. 238, pp. 249-279. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps238249
  4. Jang, S. Y. and H. C. Shin(2016), Differences in the Community Structures of Macrobenthic Polychaetes from Farming Grounds and Natural Habitats in Gamak Bay, Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 297-309. https://doi.org/10.7846/JKOSMEE.2016.19.4.297
  5. Jeon, J., S. Moon, and S. J. Oh(2016), Bio-monitoring System using Shell Valve Movements of Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) (Detecting Abnormal Shell Valve Movements Under Hypoxia Water using Hall Element Sensor), Journal of Marine Life Science, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 25-30. https://doi.org/10.23005/KSMLS.2016.1.1.25
  6. Jeong, H. H., Kim, D. W., Nguyen Hoang, L., Choi, T. B. and H. S. Cho(2017), Heavy Metal Pollution in the Surface Sediments of the Korean South-West Environmental Preservation Sea Areas, Journal of the Korean Society for Environmental Analysis, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 93-99.
  7. Jeong, H., Kang, S., Jung, H., Jeong, D., Oh, J., Choi, S., An, Y., Choo, H., Choi, S., Kim, S., Kim, P., Lee, W., and H. Cho(2019), The Current Status of Eutrophication and Suggestions of the Purification & Restoration on Surface Sediment in the Northwestern Gamak bay, Korea, 2017, Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 105-113. https://doi.org/10.7846/JKOSMEE.2019.22.2.105
  8. Kang, Y. H., H. S. Choo, J. A. Sin, and C. Lee(2016), Numerical modeling of propagule dispersal for Sargassum bed restoration in Gamak Bay, Korea, Journal of Applied Phycology, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 1859-1874. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-015-0689-z
  9. Kim, D. G., E. K. Lee, M. C. Kim, and K. S. Cho(2012), A Study on the Water Quality Improvement in Semi-closed Sea Area Using Solar Powered Circulators, Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 257-262. https://doi.org/10.7846/JKOSMEE.2012.15.3.257
  10. Kim, D. W.(2011), Marine Environment Characteristics of Environment Conservation Sea Area in South Sea, Department of Environment Oceanography, Graduate School Chonnam National University, Master's thesis, pp. 1-122.
  11. Kim, J. B., S. Y. Lee, J. Yu, Y. H. Choi, C. S. Jung, and P. Y. Lee(2006), The Characteristics of Oxygen Deficient Water Mass in Gamak Bay, Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy, Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 216-224.
  12. Kim, J. B., J. I. Park, W. J. Choi, W. C. Lee, and Y. H. Lee(2010), Physicochemical Characteristics of Seawater in Gamak Bay for a Period of Hypoxic Water Mass Disappearance, Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 241-248.
  13. Kim, M. S., Y. R. Chung, E. H. Suh, and W. S. Song(2002), Eutrophication of Nakdong River and Statistical Analysis of Environmental Factors, Algae, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 105-115. https://doi.org/10.4490/ALGAE.2002.17.2.105
  14. Kim, S. Y., Y. Hayami, A. Tai, and A. Tada(2018), The mechanism of bottom water DO variation in summer at the northern mouth of Isahaya Bay, Japan, Journal of Oceanography, Vol. 74, pp. 595-605. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-018-0467-z
  15. KMA(2017), Korea Meteorological Administration, The Data of Temperature, Rainfall, and Solar Radiation in Yeosu City, 2017, http://data.kma.go.kr/data/grnd/selectAsosRltmList.do?pgmNo=36.
  16. Lee, K. H. and K. D. Cho(1990), Distributions of the Temperature and Salinity in Kamak bay, Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 25-39.
  17. Lee, J. S., K. H. Kim, J. Yu, R. H. Jung, and T. S. Ko(2003), Estimation of Oxygen Consumption Rate and Organic Carbon Oxidation Rate at the Sediment/Water Interface of Coastal Sediments in the South Sea of Korea using an Oxygen Microsensor, The Sea: Journal of the Korean Society of Oceanography, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 392-400.
  18. Lee, T.(2015), Sediment Oxygen Consumption Rate and Hydrogen Sulfide Release by Dissolved Oxygen Depletion in Hypoxic Area of the Gamak Bay, Korea, Journal of Wetlands Research, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 293-302. https://doi.org/10.17663/JWR.2015.17.3.293
  19. MOF(2013), Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, Korea, In; Study on Setting the Marine Environmental Criterion, and the Improvement Directions 6th Edition, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, pp. 58-61.
  20. MOF(2018a), Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, Korea, The Marine Environment Management Act 15, https://www.law.go.kr/lsInfoP.do?lsiSeq=198529&efYd=20180501#0000.
  21. MOF(2018b), Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, Korea, The Official Experiment Standard of marine environment, http://www.law.go.kr/LSW//admRulInfoP.do?admRulSeq=2100000170850.
  22. Moon, S. Y., H. Y. Soh, S. D. Choi, C. S. Jung, S. Y. Kim, and Y. S. Lee(2006), Effect of a Low-oxygen Layer on the Vertical Distribution of Zooplankton in Gamak Bay, Korean Journal of Environmental Biology, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 240-247.
  23. Na, G. H.(2004), Effect Analysis on the Purification Service for the Special Management Fishery Farming in the Chonnam Coastal Sea Area, In; Chungnam National University Symposium 12, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, pp. 53-80.
  24. NIFS(2010), National Institute of Fisheries Science, Korea, In; A Survey on the Actual Conditions of Fishery Farming Environment, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, pp. 109-150.
  25. NIFS(2017a), National Institute of Fisheries Science, Korea, Forecast.Breaking News / Abnormal Sea State / Hypoxia in Gamak Bay 2017, http://www.nifs.go.kr/bbs?id=seastate&flag=lis&sc=BOARD_SUBJECT&sv=%B0%A1%B8%B7%B8%B8&site=&viewChk=&cPage=5.
  26. NIFS(2017b), National Institute of Fisheries Science, Korea, In; Study on a Mass Balance and Changing Benthic Ecosystem in the Hypoxic Seawater Area of the Gamak Bay, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, pp. 109-150.
  27. Noh, I. H., Y. H. Yoon, D. I. Kim, and J. S. Park(2006), The Spatio-temporal Distribution of Organic Matter on the Surface Sediment and Its Origin in Gamak Bay, Korea, Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 1-13.
  28. Park, H. G. and E. H. Cha(2013), A Study on the Influence of Water Quality on the Upper Stram of Hap-Chun Lake, Korean Society of Environmental Engineers, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 94-100. https://doi.org/10.4491/KSEE.2013.35.2.094
  29. Park, S. E., K. D. Cho, C. H. Hong, D. S. Kim, and K. W. Cho(1999), An Effect of Wind on Circulation in Kamak Bay, Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Vol. 32, No. 5, pp. 674-679.
  30. Park, Y. C. and K. S. Choi(2002), Growth and Carrying Capacity of Pacific Oyster, Crassostrea gigas, in Kamak Bay, Korea, Korean Journal of Environmental Biology, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 378-385.
  31. Shim, W. G., S. R. Park, and S. C. Kim(2009), Studies on the Marine Environmental Improvement and Environmental Perception of the Inhabitants around the Sun-So Coast, The Korean Society for Environmental Education, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 12-30.
  32. Simpson, J. H., C. M. Allen, and N. C. G. Morris(1978), Fronts on the continental shelf, Journal of geophysical Research, Vol. 83, pp. 4607-4614. https://doi.org/10.1029/JC083iC09p04607
  33. UNESCO(1981), Tenth report of the joint panel on oceanographic tables and standards, In; UNESCO Technical Papers in Marine Science 36, UNESCO, Paris, pp. 1-25.
  34. US EPA(2019), Hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico and Long Island Sound, https://cfpub.epa.gov/roe/indicator.cfm?i=41.
  35. Vaquer-Sunyer, R. and C. M. Duarte(2008), Thresholds of hypoxia for marine biodiversity, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 105, No. 40, pp. 15452-15457. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0803833105