Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science (한국산림과학회지)

Korean Society of Forest Science (한국산림과학회)
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Coarse Woody Debris (CWD) Respiration Rates of Larix kaempferi and Pinus rigida: Effects of Decay Class and Physicochemical Properties of CWD

일본잎갈나무와 리기다소나무 고사목의 호흡속도: 고사목의 부후등급과 이화학적 특성의 영향

  • Lee, Minkyu (Department of Forest Environment System, Kangwon National University) ;
  • Kwon, Boram (Department of Forest Environment System, Kangwon National University) ;
  • Kim, Sung-geun (Department of Forest Environment System, Kangwon National University) ;
  • Yoon, Tae Kyung (Department of Forest Science, Sangji University) ;
  • Son, Yowhan (Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University) ;
  • Yi, Myong Jong (Department of Forest Environment System, Kangwon National University)
  • 이민규 (강원대학교 산림환경시스템학과) ;
  • 권보람 (강원대학교 산림환경시스템학과) ;
  • 김성근 (강원대학교 산림환경시스템학과) ;
  • 윤태경 (상지대학교 산림과학과) ;
  • 손요환 (고려대학교 환경생태공학과) ;
  • 이명종 (강원대학교 산림환경시스템학과)
  • Received : 2019.02.12
  • Accepted : 2019.03.04
  • Published : 2019.03.31
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Abstract

Coarse woody debris (CWD), which is a component of the forest ecosystem, plays a major role in forest energy flow and nutrient cycling. In particular, CWD isolates carbon for a long time and is important in terms of slowing the rate of carbon released from the forest to the atmosphere. Therefore, this study measured the physiochemical characteristics and respiration rate ($R_{CWD}$) of CWD for Larix kaempferi and Pinus rigida in temperate forests in central Korea. In summer 2018, CWD samples from decay class (DC) I to IV were collected in the 14 forest stands. $R_{CWD}$ and physiochemical characteristics were measured using a closed chamber with a portable carbon dioxide sensor in the laboratory. In both species, as CWD decomposition progressed, the density ($D_{CWD}$) of the CWD decreased while the water content ($WC_{CWD}$) increased. Furthermore, the carbon concentrations did not significantly differ by DC, whereas the nitrogen concentration significantly increased and the C/N ratio decreased. The respiration rate of L. kaempferi CWD increased significantly up to DC IV, but for P. rigida it increased to DC II and then unchanged for DC II-IV. Accordingly, except for carbon concentration, all the measured characteristics showed a significant correlation with $R_{CWD}$. Multiple linear regression showed that $WC_{CWD}$ was the most influential factor on $R_{CWD}$. $WC_{CWD}$ affects $R_{CWD}$ by increasing microbial activity and is closely related to complex environmental factors such as temperature and light conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to study their correlation and estimate the time-series pattern of CWD moisture.

고사목(CWD)은 산림생태계 구성요소의 하나로서 산림의 에너지 흐름과 물질순환에서 주요한 역할을 한다. 특히 고사목은 탄소를 격리하는 장기 저장고로서, 산림에서 대기로 방출되는 탄소의 속도를 지연시키는 측면에서 고사목의 호흡속도를 구명하는 것은 의의가 크다. 따라서 본 연구는 온대중부지역의 일본잎갈나무와 리기다소나무 고사목을 대상으로 호흡속도를 측정하고, 호흡속도에 영향을 미치는 인자(밀도, 함수율, 탄소농도, 질소농도 및 C/N비)의 영향력을 파악하였다. 2018년 여름, 우리나라 중부지역 14개 임분에서 부후등급 별로 시료를 채취하고, 실험실에서 휴대용 이산화탄소 센서를 부착한 밀폐형 챔버를 이용하여 고사목 호흡을 측정하였다. 두 수종 모두 부후가 진행함에 따라 고사목 밀도는 감소하였으며, 함수율은 증가했다. 또한 탄소농도는 부후등급에 따라 유의성을 나타내지 않았으나, 질소농도는 증가하고 C/N비는 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 일본잎갈나무의 경우 부후 IV등급까지 고사목의 호흡속도가 유의하게 증가하였지만, 리기다소나무에서는 부후 II등급까지 증가 후 평형상태를 보였다. 따라서 탄소농도를 제외하고, 모든 인자들이 호흡속도와 유의한 상관관계를 나타냈으며, 단계적 회귀분석의 결과, 두 수종 모두 함수율이 고사목 호흡속도에 가장 영향을 미치는 인자로 나타났다. 이와 같이 고사목의 수분은 미생물의 활성도를 높여 호흡속도에 영향을 미치며, 온도와 광 환경 등 복잡하게 연결된 환경인자들과 밀접한 관계에 있으므로 향후 이들의 상호관계 및 수분의 시계열적패턴 추정에 대한 지속적인 연구가 필요하다.

Keywords

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Figure 1. Locations of sampling sites for coarse woody debris (CWD) across central Korea.

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Figure 2. Carbon concentration (a), nitrogen concentrations (b), and C/N ratio (c) of coarse woody debris(CWD) of Larix kaempferi (closed triangles) and Pinus rigida (open square) by decay classes from I to IV. Means with different letters are significantly different (p < 0.05) between decay classes as determined by Duncan’s multiple range test (capital letters: Pinus rigida, small letters: Larix kaempferi). Significant difference between species are indicated by an asterisk. Bars indicate standard deviations.

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Figure 3. Relationships between wood density (DCWD) and respiration rate of CWD (RCWD) (a, b), and between water content (WCCWD) and RCWD (c, d) for Larix kaempferi (a, c) and Pinus rigida (b, d). The different point shapes represent the decay classes of CWD.

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Figure 4. Relationship between carbon concentrations and RCWD (a, b), between nitrogen concentrations and RCWD (c, d), and between C/N ratio and RCWD (e, f) of Larix kaempferi (a, c, e) and Pinus rigida (b, d, f). The different point shapes represent the decay classes of CWD.

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Figure 5. Standardized coefficients (β) of density (DCWD), water content (WCCWD), carbon concentration (Carbon), nitrogen concentration (Nitrogen), and carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio) for the respiration rate (RCWD) observed at decay classes of coarse woody debris (CWD) of Larix kaempfri and Pinus rigida. The standard coefficients are the estimates resulting from a multiple regression analysis and refer to how many standard deviation (SDs) a respiration rate will change per SD increase in either the factors. Note that the predictors without statistical significance (p>0.05) are not presented.

Table 1. Qualitative classification systems for coarse woody debris (CWD) into four decay classes.*

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Table 2. Result from the two-way ANOVA on the effects of species and decay classes CWD on respiration rate (RCWD) and physicochemical properties (DCWD; density, WCCWD; water contents, carbon, nitrogen and C/N ratio) of CWD from Larix kaempferi and Pinus rigida. Significantly different values are bolded.

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Table 3. Physical characteristics (DCWD; density, WCCWD; water contents) and respiration rate (RCWD) of coarse woody debris (CWD) samples.

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