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Preliminary Result of Uncertainty on Variation of Flowering Date of Kiwifruit: Case Study of Kiwifruit Growing Area of Jeonlanam-do

기후변화에 따른 국내 키위 품종 '해금'의 개화시기 변동과 전망에 대한 불확실성: 전남 키위 주산지역을 중심으로

  • Kim, Kwang-Hyung (Climate Change Research Department, APEC Climate Center) ;
  • Jeong, Yeo Min (Climate Change Research Department, APEC Climate Center) ;
  • Cho, Youn-Sup (Fruit Research Institute, Jeollanam-do Agricultural Research & Extension Services) ;
  • Chung, Uran (Climate Change Research Department, APEC Climate Center)
  • Received : 2016.03.09
  • Accepted : 2016.03.26
  • Published : 2016.03.30

Abstract

It is highly anticipated that warming temperature resulting from global climate change will affect the phenological pattern of kiwifruit, which has been commercially grown in Korea since the early 1980s. Here, we present the potential impacts of climate change on the variations of flowering day of a gold kiwifruit cultivar, Haegeum, in the Jeonnam Province, Korea. By running six global climate models (GCM), the results from this study emphasize the uncertainty in climate change scenarios. To predict the flowering day of kiwifruit, we obtained three parameters of the 'Chill-day' model for the simulation of Haegeum: $6.3^{\circ}C$ for the base temperature (Tb), 102.5 for chill requirement (Rc), and 575 for heat requirement (Rh). Two separate validations of the resulting 'Chill-day' model were conducted. First, direct comparisons were made between the observed flowering days collected from 25 kiwifruit orchards for two years (2014-15) and the simulated flowering days from the 'Chill-day' model using weather data from four weather stations near the 25 orchards. The estimation error between the observed and simulated flowering days was 5.2 days. Second, the model was simulated using temperature data extracted, for the 25 orchards, from a high-resolution digital temperature map, resulting in the error of 3.4 days. Using the RCP 4.5 and 8.5 climate change scenarios from six GCMs for the period of 2021-40, the future flowering days were simulated with the 'Chill-day' model. The predicted flowering days of Haegeum in Jeonnam were advanced more than 10 days compared to the present ones from multi-model ensemble, while some individual models resulted in quite different magnitudes of impacts, indicating the multi-model ensemble accounts for uncertainty better than individual climate models. In addition, the current flowering period of Haegeum in Jeonnam Province was predicted to expand northward, reaching over Jeonbuk and Chungnam Provinces. This preliminary result will provide a basis for the local impact assessment of climate change as more phenology models are developed for other fruit trees.

최근 국내에서 재배면적이 증가하고 있는 골드키위 해금의 개화시기를 예측할 수 있는 휴면시계모형의 모수를 추정하고 해금 주산지에서 미래 기후변화에 의한 개화시기의 변화와 불확실성을 전망하고자 본 연구를 수행하였다. 해금 개화시기 예측을 위한 휴면시계모형의 모수는 $6.3^{\circ}C$(base temperature, $T_b$), 102.5(chill requirement, $R_c$), 575(heat requirement, $R_h$)로 추정되었다. 2가지 방법으로 추정된 모수를 검증하였는데, 4개 표준기상관측소의 3년 동안(2013-2015)의 기상자료로부터 해금의 개화시기를 예측하고 25개 해금 노지 재배농가에서 수집된 2년 동안(2014-2015)의 관측 개화일과 비교한 결과 5.2일의 추정오차를 보였다. 또한 격자형 기후표면에 의해 계산된 격자형 개화시기 표면으로부터 25개 해금 노지 재배농가가 위치한 격자들의 예상 개화시기를 추출하여 비교한 결과, 3.4일의 추정오차를 보였다. 이 모수를 2021-2040년 동안의 6개 GCMs의 미래 기후변화 시나리오와 결합하여 해금의 미래 개화시기를 예측하였다. 전남 키위 주산지역에서 가장 빠른 개화시기는 4월 21일(111일), 가장 늦은 개화시기는 6월 2일(153일)로 나타났다. 6개 개별 GCM 중에서 RCP 4.5의 CanESM2과 GFDL-ESM2G, RCP 8.5의 HadGEM2-AO에서 20년 후 전남 키위 주산지역에서 해금의 개화시기는 현재보다 2-3일 단축될 뿐 현재와 큰 차이가 발생하지 않는 것으로 전망되었다. 그러나 RCP 4.5와 RCP 8.5의 6개 GCMs의 평균 미래 개화시기에서 현재보다 10일 이상 단축되고 현재와 같은 개화시기는 전북 및 충남 해안지역 등 북쪽으로 약 150km 이상까지 확대될 수 있는 것으로 전망되었다. 본 연구의 예비 결과는 국내 육종 과수의 생장발육 및 개화시기 예측 등을 위한 생물계절 연구와 기후변화에 대한 영향평가 개선에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

Keywords

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