DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Expert-Novice Differences in Reading and Predicting Visual Information in Air Traffic Control

항공관제 전문성 수준에 따른 시각정보 판독과 미래정보 예측 차이

  • 권혁진 (국토교통부 항공보안과)
  • Received : 2015.09.02
  • Accepted : 2015.09.24
  • Published : 2015.09.30

Abstract

Many studies have shown that having perception of spatial information is important for air traffic control officer (ATCO) since it helps them understand the current situation and predict the situation it leads to. However, little or no research has been done to investigate if there is any difference at the levels of expertise in perceiving spatial information and predicting a prospective situation. This study investigates the difference between expert and novice ATCO groups in how accurately each group of ATCO perceive spatial information such as position, altitude, speed, and flying direction, and predicting such information they will encounter shortly. In completing a task to watch the movement of airplanes displayed on the computer monitor as a blip, the participants were asked to predict the position, speed, and the altitude of the aircraft in a minute by marking on the sector map. The results show that the expert group performed better in accuracy and had tendency to overestimate on position and altitude; however, no significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of reading a flying direction. Therefore reading a flying direction may not be a reliable indicator to judge expertise of ATCO. But the expert group shows better predicting performance by perceiving spatial information such as airplane's position and altitude with feeling on time. The study suggests that it is important to enhance perceptive skills in ATCO training in improving their expertise in predicting accuracy traffic situation, preventing from air collision, and improving productivity for more efficient air traffic flow. A further study on the relationship between the perception of spatial information and the sense of time in predicting future information and effectiveness as an independent factor would contribute to providing more insights into expertise of ATCOs.

Keywords

References

  1. Tinseth, R., Current Market Outlook 2009. http://active.boeing.com/commercial/forecast_data/index.cfm, 2009.
  2. Abdesslem, S., Boudes, N., Bressolle, M. C., Capsie, C., Corredor, A. F., Leroux, M., et al., Evaluation d'ERATO 1997-1998. Rapport CENA/ R, 98, 842, 1999.
  3. Stankovic, S., Determinants of conflict detection: A model of risk judgments in air traffic control. Human factors, 50(1), 121-134, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1518/001872008X250584
  4. Wickens, C. D., Mavor, A. S., & McGee, J., Flight to the future: Human factors in air traffic control: Natl Academy Pr., 1997.
  5. Durso, F. T., & Manning, C. A., Air traffic control. In C. M. Carswell (Ed.), Reviews of human factors and ergonomics(4th ed., pp. 195-.244). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomic Society, 2009.
  6. National Transportation Safety Board., Aircraft accident report (NTSB/AAR-91/08). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1991.
  7. Australian Transport Safety Bureau., Breakdown of separation,VH-VXU and A6-EMT, 60 km south-east of Mildura(Aviation Occurrence Investigation A0-2009-.056. Final). Canberra, Australia: Author, 2010.
  8. Endsley, M. R., & Rodgers, M. D., Situation awareness information requirements analysis for en route air traffic control. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 1994.
  9. Means, B., Mumaw, R. J., Roth, C., Schlager, M. S., McWilliams, E., Gagne, E., et al., ATC training analysis study: Design of the next-generation ATC training system. Washington, DC: Federal Aviation Administration, 1998.
  10. Mogford, R. H., Mental models and situation awareness in air traffic control. International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 7(4), 331-341, 1997. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327108ijap0704_5
  11. Gronlund, S. D., Ohrt, D. D., Dougherty, M. R. P., Perry, J. L., & Manning, C. A., Role of Memory in Air Traffic Control. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 4(3), 263-280, 1998. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-898X.4.3.263
  12. 권혁진, 함성수, 김혜정, 한정원, 손영우., 항공관제 전문가와 초보자의 시각정보처리 차이. 한국항공운항학회지, 18(1), 74-84, 2010.
  13. Yang, J., Rantanen, E. M., & Zhang, K., The impact of time efficacy on air traffic controller situation awareness and mental workload. International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 20(1), 74-91, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508410903416037
  14. Rhodes, M. G., & McCabe, D. P., Expertise makes the world slow down: Judgements of duration are influenced by domain knowledge. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 62(12), 2313-2319, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470210903128536
  15. Williams, A. M., Davids, K., & Williams, J. G. P., Visual perception and action in sport: Taylor & Francis, 1999.
  16. Abernethy, B., Baker, J., & Cote, J., Transfer of pattern recall skills may contribute to the development of sport expertise. Applied cognitive psychology, 19(6), 705-718, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1102
  17. Boudes, N., & Cellier, J. M., Accuracy of estimations made by air traffic controllers. International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 10(2), 207-225, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327108IJAP1002_6
  18. Endsley, M. R., Design and evaluation for situation awareness enhancement. Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting Proceeding 2, 32, 97-101, 1988.
  19. Pylyshyn, Z. W., & Storm, R. W., Tracking multiple independent targets: Evidence for a parallel tracking mechanism*. Spatial Vision, 3(3), 179-197, 1988. https://doi.org/10.1163/156856888X00122
  20. Landry, S. J., Sheridan, T. B., & Yufik, Y. M., A methodology for studying cognitive groupings in a target-tracking task. IEEE Transactions on intelligent transportation systems, 2(2), 92-100, 2001. https://doi.org/10.1109/6979.928720
  21. Dismukes, R. K., Remembrance of things future: Prospective memory in laboratory, workplace, and everyday settings. In D. H. Harris (Ed.), Reviews of human factors and ergonomics (Vol. 6, pp. 79-122). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 2010.
  22. Loft, S., Applying Psychological Science to Examine Prospective Memory in Simulated Air Traffic Control, Vol. 23(5), 326-331, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721414545214
  23. Ayaz, H., Shewokis, P.A., Bunce, S., Izzetoglu, K., Willems, B., Onaral, B., Optical brain monitoring for operator training and mental workload assessment. NeuroImage. 59, 36-47, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.06.023