고추, 오이 및 사과 재배 중 살균제 Thiophanate-methyl 살포 시 농작업자의 노출 및 위해 평가

Risk Assessment of Agricultural Worker's Exposure to Fungicide Thiophanate-methyl during Treatment in Green Pepper, Cucumber and Apple Fields

본 연구에서는 고추, 오이 및 사과 포장에서 thiophanate-methyl 수화제 살포액 조제 시와 동력분무기를 통한 농약 살포 시 농작업자의 노출 및 위해 평가를 수행하였다. 패치, 장갑, 양말, 마스크를 통한 피부노출 측정법과 공기펌프와 고체흡착관을 이용한 호흡노출 측정법을 사용하였으며, 시험 전에 유효성을 모두 검증하였다. 살포액 조제 시, 피부 노출량은 $24.0{\pm}6.7mg$ (고추), $4.5{\pm}1.5mg$ (오이) 및 $18.5{\pm}0.6mg$ (사과)이었으며, 조제액 농약 유효함량 대비 평균 피부 노출수준은 0.007% (고추), 0.001% (오이) 및 0.005% (사과)수준이었다. 조제 시 주요 노출부위는 손으로 전체노출의 78-92%이었다. 농약살포 시, 작업자의 노출량은 $84.9{\pm}14.0mg$ (고추), $34.0{\pm}20.8mg$ (오이) 및 $30.7{\pm}9.1mg$ (사과)으로, 살포된 유효성분 함량 대비 평균 노출비율은 0.024% (고추), 0.016% (오이) 및 0.013% (사과)이었다. 사과포장에서 작업자의 주요 노출부위는 손이었지만 나머지 포장의 경우 주로 허벅지와 정강이에서 노출이 발생하였다. 호흡노출량은 살포액 조제 시 $1.5{\pm}2.2{\mu}g$ (고추), $52.7{\pm}48.9{\mu}g$ (오이) 및 $4.0{\pm}4.9{\mu}g$ (사과)이었던 반면, 농약살포 시 $0.2{\pm}0.1{\mu}g$ (고추), $23.2{\pm}12.4{\mu}g$ (오이) 및 $0.4{\pm}0.6{\mu}g$ (사과)이었다. 피부노출을 결정하는 주요 요인이 작물과의 접촉빈도, 잎 밀도, 살포 습관, 작업 형태, 작업 환경인 반면, 호흡노출의 경우 작업 환경, 특히 바람으로 판단되었다. 위해 평가 결과, 모든 경우에서 안전역이 1이상으로 위해 가능성은 낮았지만, 고추포장에서 농약을 살포할 경우 안전역이 1에 근접하였다.

The present study was carried out to assess exposure and risk to thiophanate-methyl wettable powder for agricultural worker during mixing/loading and application with power sprayer in green pepper, cucumber and apple fields. Dermal exposure was measured with patches, gloves, socks and masks, while inhalation exposure was evaluated with personal air pump and solid sorbent. Those methods were full validated before experiment. During mixing/loading, dermal exposure amount in green pepper, cucumber and apple fields was $24.0{\pm}6.7$, $4.5{\pm}1.5$ and $18.5{\pm}0.6mg$, corresponding to mean 0.007, 0.001 and 0.005% of prepared active ingredient, respectively. The major exposed part for mixer/loader was hands (78-92%). Dermal exposure amount for applicator in green pepper, cucumber and apple fields was $84.9{\pm}14.0$, $34.0{\pm}20.8$ and $30.7{\pm}9.1mg$, corresponding to mean 0.024, 0.016 and 0.013% of applied active ingredient, respectively. The main body parts of exposure in apple field were hands, while thighs and shins in other fields. Inhalation exposure amount in green pepper, cucumber and apple fields was $1.5{\pm}2.2$, $52.7{\pm}48.9$ and $4.0{\pm}4.9{\mu}g$ during mixing/loading and $0.2{\pm}0.1$, $23.2{\pm}12.4$ and $0.4{\pm}0.6{\mu}g$ for applicator, respectively. These results were suggested that main factors affecting dermal exposure were contact frequency to the plants, foliage density, hygienic behavior, work type, and working environment, while inhalation exposure was affected mainly by working environment, especially wind. In risk assessment, margin of safety for thiophanate-methyl in all cases was over 1. However, during application in green pepper field, margin of safety was close to 1.