Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene (한국산업보건학회지)

Korean Industrial Hygiene Association (한국산업보건학회)
권호 표지

Exposure Assessment of $PM_{2.5}$ in Manufacturing Industry Office Buildings

사업장 내 사무실의 $PM_{2.5}$ 노출 평가

  • Nam, Mi Ran (Institute for Industrial Health, Daegu Haany University) ;
  • Jung, Jong-Hyon (Faculty of Health Science, Daegu Haany University) ;
  • Phee, Young Gyu (Faculty of Health Science, Daegu Haany University)
  • 남미란 (대구한의대학교 산업보건연구소) ;
  • 정종현 (대구한의대학교 보건학부) ;
  • 피영규 (대구한의대학교 보건학부)
  • Received : 2013.12.06
  • Accepted : 2013.12.26
  • Published : 2013.12.31
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Objectives: This study was conducted in order to evaluate $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations at 20 offices connected to the manufacturing industry from the beginning of September to the end of November 2012. Methods: A total of 20 samples were collected from 20 office buildings. Each $PM_{2.5}$ sample was collected by a 37 mm PTFE filter attached to a Personal Environment Monitor. Results: The geometric mean concentrations of $PM_{2.5}$ in the offices was $23.47{\mu}g/m^3$, and the mean $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations measured in smoking offices were much higher than those of measured in non-smoking offices($24.83{\mu}g/m^3$ and $21.55{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively). $PM_{2.5}$ was revealed to be higher in small offices($39.52{\mu}g/m^3$) than in medium or large offices($22.69{\mu}g/m^3$ and $11.04{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively). The mean $PM_{2.5}$ concentration of offices located on the 1st floor was higher than that of those on the 2nd floor, and those of offices located in the workplace were higher than those out of the workplace. The multiple regression model showed that concentration of $PM_{2.5}$ was positively associated with the method of ventilation. Conclusions: Smoking, ventilation method, location, and inflow of outdoor particulate matter are the most important factors for office $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations.

Keywords

References

  1. Barnett, A.G., Williams, G.M, Schwartz J. Air pollution and child respiratory health: a case-crossover study in Australia and New Zealand. Am J of Resp Crit Care Med 2005;171:1271-1278
  2. Berglund B, Brunekreef B, Knoppel H, Lindvall T, Maroni M, Mølhave L, Skov P. Effects of indoor air pollution on human health. Indoor Air 1992;2(1) :2-25 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.1992.02-21.x
  3. Branis M, Jirı Safranek, Adela Hytychova, Exposure of children to airborne particulate matter of different size fractions during indoor physical education at school. Building and Environ 2009;44:1246-1246 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.09.010
  4. Cao JJ, Lee SC, Chow JC, Cheng Y, Ho KF, Fung K, Liu SX, Watson JG. Indoor/outdoor relationships for PM2.5 and associated carbonaceous pollutants at residential homes in Hong Kong. Indoor Air 2005;15:197-204 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2005.00336.x
  5. Choi SJ. The Effect of outdoor air and indoor human activity on mass concentrations of size-selective particulate in classrooms. J Env Hlth Sci 2008; 34(2):137-147
  6. Choi TJ. The effect on outdoor air and indoor human activity on mass concentrations of size-selective particulate in classrooms. J of Environ Heal Sci 2008;34(2):137-147
  7. Cooper JA, Environmental impact of residential wood combustion emissions and its implications. J of Air Pollution Control Assoc 1980;30:855-861 https://doi.org/10.1080/00022470.1980.10465119
  8. European Commission. Air quality standards. Retrieved Dec. 10, 2013. Available from http://ec.europa.eu/ environment/air/quality/standards.htm
  9. Gemenetzis P, Moussas P, Arditsoglou A, Samara C, Mass concentration and elemental composition of indoor PM2.5 and PM10 in University rooms in Thessaloniki, northern Greece, Atmos Environ 2006; 40:3195-3206 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.01.049
  10. Harrison PTC. Health impact of indoor air pollution. Chemistry and industry 1997;17:671-87
  11. Hwang SM, Shin JH, Jeong JU, Park SG, Baek SO. Comparison of Indoor Air Quality in Offices by Smoking Status. Proceedings of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment, Gangreong, Gang-Won. 1999. p. 107
  12. Jeong JY, Lee BK, Phee YG. Assessment of Indoor Air Quality in Commercial Office Buildings. J Korean Soc Occup Environ Hyg 2007;17(1):31-42
  13. Jeon BH, Hwang YK, Kim HA, Lee SH, Ahn KD, Heo Y. Indoor air concentration of particulate matter and endotoxin in public facilities. J Korean Soc Occup Environ Hyg 2008;18(4):262-270
  14. Jeon BI. Characteristics of spacio-temporal variation for PM10 and PM2.5 concentration in Busan. J of Environ Sci 2010;19(8):1013-1023
  15. Jones AP. Indoor air quality and health. Atmos Environ 1999:33(28):4635-4564
  16. Kim YS, Rho YM, Hong SC, Lee CM, Jun HY, Kim JC, Cho, JH, A survey of indoor air quality in public facilities. Indoor Environ & Tech 2005;1(2):144-145
  17. Lawrence AJ, Masih A, Taneja A. Indoor/outdoor relationships of carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen in domestic homes with roadside, urban and rural locations in a central Indian region. Indoor Air 2004;15:76-82
  18. Lee CM, Kim YS, Roh YM, Kim JC, Jeon HJ, Lee SD. Health risk assessment of exposure to indoor air pollutants in office building. J Korean Soc Occup Environ Hyg 2004;14(3):251-263
  19. Lee JD, Son BS, Kim YS. A study on indoor air quality in school. J of Korean Soc for Indoor Environ 2010;7(2):127-134
  20. Lee SC, Chang LY. Indoor air outdoor air quality investigation at school in Hong Kong. Chemosphere 2000;40:109-113 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00260-X
  21. Lee SD. A study on chemical composition of PM10 and PM2.5 in office buildings. Graduate school of health management. Seoul; Hanyang University Press; 2006. p. 30-32
  22. Lim YW, Lee CS, Kim HH, Yang JY, Lee GW, Sohn JR, Park JW, Shin DC. A study on the indoor air pollution in the classrooms of elementary schools in Korea. J of Korean Soc for Indoor Environ 2008; 37-49
  23. Luoma M, Batterman A. Characterization of particulate emissions from occupant activities in offices, Indoor air 2001;11:35-48 https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0668.2001.011001035.x
  24. Martonen TB, Katz I, Fults K, Hickey AJ, 1992. Use of analytically de"ned estimates of aerosol respirable fraction to predict lung deposition. Pharmaceutical Research 1992;9(12):1634-1639 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015880828704
  25. Maroni M, Seifert B, Lindvall T. Indoor air quality-a comprehensive reference book. Amesterdam: Elservier.; 1997. p.125
  26. Mendell, MJ, Health GA. Do indoor pollutants and thermal conditions in schools influence student performance? A critical review of the literature. Indoor Air, 2005;15: 27-52
  27. Ministry of Education. School Health Act; 2013b. p.56
  28. Ministry of Employment and Labor. Guideline of air management in office(MoEL Public Notice No. 2012-71); 2012. p. 1-3
  29. Ministry of Environment. Act on indoor air quality management of multiplex use facility. 2013a. p. 32
  30. Mohammadyan M, Ashmore M, Shabankhani B. Indoor PM2.5 concentrations in the office, cafe, and home. Int J of Occup Hyg 2010;2:57-62
  31. Monn, C. Exposure assessment of air pollutants; a review on spatial heterogeneity and indoor/outdoor/ personal exposure to suspended particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ozone. Atmos Environ 2001; 35:1-32
  32. Monn C, Fuchs A, Hogger D, Junker M, Kogelschatz D, Roth N, Wanner H-U. Particulate matter less than 10 ${\mu}m$(PM10) and fine particles less than 2.5 ${\mu}m$(PM2.5); relationships between indoor, outdoor and personal concentrations. Sci of the Total Environ 1997; 208:15-21 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(97)00271-4
  33. Mosqueron L, Momas I, Moullec YL. Personal exposure of Paris office workers to nitrogen dioxide and fine particles. Occup Environ Med 2002;59:550-555 https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.59.8.550
  34. Park JH. The effect of ventilation and concentration of indoor air quality at indoor parking lots. J Korean Soc Occup Environ Hyg 2010;20(4):241-247
  35. Roh YM, Lee CM, Kim SW, Kim CN, Kim HW, Cho KH, Choi HC, Kang SH, Kim JM. A study on the characteristics of indoor air quality in office and subjective symptoms of office workers. J Korean Soc Occup Environ Hyg 2004;14(3):270-282
  36. Roh YM, Kim JC, Lee CM, Kim YS, Ha MN, Kwon HJ. A survey of distribution for indoor air pollutants in classrooms of some elementary schools. J of Korean Soc for Indoor Environ 2007;4(4):204-213
  37. Schwartz J, Norris G, Larson T, Sheppart L, Claiborne C, Koenig J. Episodes of high coarse particle concentrations are not associated with increase mortality. Environ Health Perspect 1999;107 :339-342 https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.99107339
  38. Seo BR, Jeong MH, Jeon JM. Indoor air quality in various type of public facilities at honam province. Kor J Env Hlth, 2006;32(5):387-397
  39. Shendrikar AD, Steinmetz WK. Intergrating nephelometer measurements for the airborne fine particulate matter(PM2.5) mass concentrations. Atmos Environ 2003;37:1383-1392 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)01019-1
  40. Son BS, Song MR, Kim JD, Cho TJ, Yang W, Chung TW. The study on concentration of PM10 and heavy metal in public schools at Chung-Nam area. J of Environ Sci 2008:17(9);1005-1013
  41. Sohn H, Ryu K, Im JK, Jang K, Lee K. PM10 and $CO_{2}$ Concentrations in the Seoul Subway Carriage. J Env Hlth Sci 2009;35(6):454-460 https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.1352
  42. Sohn JR, Yoon SW, Kim YS, Roh YM, Lee CM, Son BS, Yang WH. A Survey on the indoor air quality of some school classrooms in Korea. J of Korean Soc for Indoor Environ 2006; 3(1): 54-63
  43. Wallace L. Indoor particles: a review. J Air & Waste Manage Assoc 1996:46;98-126 https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.1996.10467451
  44. Yassin MF, Bothaina EY. AlThaqeb, Eman AE. Al-Mutirid. Assessment of indoor PM2.5 in different residential environments. Atmos Environ 2012;56: 65-68 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.03.051
  45. Yurtseven E, Erdogan MS, Ulus T, Sahin UA, Onat B, Ergin E, Vehid S, Koksal S. An assessment of indoor PM2.5 concentrations at a medical faculty in Istanbul, Turkey. Environ Protection Engineering 2012;38(1) :115-127