Changes of Carassius auratus Tissues by Zn Accumulation

아연 축적으로 인한 붕어(Carassius auratus) 조직의 변화

  • Shin, Myung-Ja (Department of Biological Science, Andong National University) ;
  • Lee, Jong-Eun (Department of Biological Science, Andong National University) ;
  • Seo, Eul-Won (Department of Biological Science, Andong National University)
  • 신명자 (안동대학교 자연과학대학 생명과학과) ;
  • 이종은 (안동대학교 자연과학대학 생명과학과) ;
  • 서을원 (안동대학교 자연과학대학 생명과학과)
  • Received : 2011.02.01
  • Accepted : 2011.03.04
  • Published : 2011.03.31

Abstract

Present study aimed to investigate the effect of zinc accumulation on the tissues of Carassius auratus with various rearing condition. Heavy metal, Zn, was accumulated in the gill, bone and muscle increased for exposure period of 40 days. Moreover, the accumulated concentration of Zn in the gill showed relatively higher than that in other tissues. Also, activities of antioxidant enzymes in the gill, kidney, liver and muscle tissues after exposure to Zn were increased in the manner of exposure period. Antioxidant enzyme activities were shown higher in the gill and muscle than those in the kidney and liver tissues. The gill of C. auratus showed abnormal shapes in its secondary lamellae by long time exposure condition and determined the increased numbers of mucous cells in gill exposed to Zn. In addition, the edema, the exfoliation of epithelial cell was shown in the gill and membrane damages were observed in mitochondria and nucleus. In the kidney, we observed not only the atrophied glomerulus, but the expansion of empty space in Bowman's capsule. Based on the above results, it is considered that the exposure to the high level of Zn for long period possibly involves in the decrease of respiratory and excretory rates, giving rise to secondary lesion of tissues.

본 연구는 Zn의 노출조건에서 Zn의 농도가 어류의 조직과 생리에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 붕어의 아가미, 선장, 간, 뼈 및 근육 조직을 사용하였다. 아가미, 뼈와 근육 조직에서 Zn의 축적 농도는 노출 40일에 증가하였다. 또한 아가미 조직 내 Zn의 축적량은 다른 조직에 비해 높았으며, 모든 조직에서 노출기간이 걸어질수록 증가하였다. Zn에 노출된 아가미, 신장, 간과 근육 조직의 항산화효소의 활성은 노출기간이 걸어질수록 증가하였다. 또한 Zn에 노출된 아가미, 선장, 간과 근육 조직의 항산화효소 활성은 아가미와 간 조직에서 높았으며, 신장 조직에서 가장 낮은 활성을 보였다. 농도가 높고 노출기간이 걸어질수록 아가미 조직에서는 이차새변의 간격이 불규칙해지고, 점액 세포 수가 증가하였다. 곤봉화, 부종, 상피세포의 박리가 이차새변에서 관찰되었다. 또한 40 일간 Zn에 노출된 아가미 조직 내 미토콘드리아와 핵에서는 막의 손상이 관찰되었다. 신장 조직 내 사구체는 수축되어 보우만 주머니의 공간이 넓게 관찰되었다. 이러한 결과로 보아 고농도의 Zn 노출은 어류의 호흡과 배설 장애등 심각한 조직, 생리적 장애를 가져 올 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

Keywords

References

  1. Aebi, H. 1984. Catalase in vitro, p. 121-126. In: Methods in Enzymology (Packer, L. ed.). Academic Press, New York.
  2. Ahmad, S. 1995. Oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses in biology, p. 38-272. Chapman and Hall, New York.
  3. Aksnes, A. and L.R. Njaa. 1981. Catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in different fish species. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 69B: 893-896.
  4. APHA. 1985. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (16th ed.). Port City Press, Maryland.
  5. Bergman, B. and R. Soremark. 1968. Autoradiographic studies on the distribution of zinc-65 in mice. Journal of Nutrition 44: 6-12.
  6. Black, J.J. and P.C. Bauman. 1991. Carcinogens and cancers in freshwater fishes. Environmental Health Perspectives 90: 27-33. https://doi.org/10.2307/3430842
  7. Chance, B., H. Siec and A. Boveris. 1979. Hydroperoxide metabolism in mammalian organs. Physiological Reviews 59: 527-605. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1979.59.3.527
  8. Chen, Y., X.D. Cao, Y. Lu and X.R. Wang. 2000. Effects of rare earth metal ions and their EDTA complexes on antioxidant enzymes of fish liver. Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 65: 357-365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001280000136
  9. Fennel, R.H. and V.M. Pardo. 1967. Experimental glomerulonephritis in rats. Laboratory Investigation 17: 483-488.
  10. Flohe, L., A. Wolfgang and W.A. Gunzler. 1984. Assay of glutathione peroxidase, p. 105-114. In: Methods in enzymatic analysis (Packer, L. ed.). Academic Press, New York.
  11. Forman, H.J. and I. Fridovich. 1973. Superoxide dismutase: A comparison of rate constant. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 158: 396-400. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(73)90636-X
  12. Friberg, L. and J. Vosta. 1972. Mercury in the environment. p. 17-23. CRS Press, Cleveland.
  13. Gabrylak, T., M. Piatrowska, W. Leyko and G. Peres. 1983. Seasonal variation in the activities of peroxide metabolism enzymes in erythrocytes of freshwater fish species. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 75: 383-385.
  14. Huh, M.D. and H.D. Jeong. 1993. The histological structure and the pathological lesions of gill in teleosts. Journal of Fish Pathology 6: 65-70.
  15. Hwang, I.D., S.K. No, S.Y. Gi, J.H. Lee and N.S. Kim. 1989. A study on the heavy metal contents in fish and sediments of the Mankyung River. Korean Journal of Environmental Health Society 15: 33-49.
  16. Jeon, J.S., J.S. Kim and B.C. Koo. 1993. The effect of cadmium administration in seminiferous epithelium of mouse testes: electron microscopic study. Korean Journal of Electron Microscopy 23: 125-138.
  17. Kim, J.S., M.J. Shin, J.E. Lee and E.W. Seo. 2009. Heavy metal contents in tissues of Carassius auratus in Andong and Imha Reservoirs. Korean Journal of Life Science 19: 1562-1567. https://doi.org/10.5352/JLS.2009.19.11.1562
  18. Kim, J.S., M.J. Shin, J.E. Lee and E.W. Seo. 2010. Morphological and physiological effects of lead (Pb) exposure on tissues of Carassius auratus. Korean Journal of Limnology 43: 409-417.
  19. Kimura, L., M. Yamashita, N. Kinae, H. Kumai and G. Nakamura. 1990. The croaker (Nibea mitsukurii) and the sea catfish (Plotosus anguillaris): Useful biomarkers of coastal pollution, p. 73-84. In: Biomarkers of Environmental Contamination (Publisher, L. ed.). Academic Press. Florida.
  20. Lee, C., M.J. Shin, J.E. Lee and E.W. Seo. 2006. Tissues and plasma proteins of Hemiculter eigenmanni in muddy water of reservoir. Korean Journal of Environmental Biology 24: 213-220.
  21. Lee, J.C., J.C. Kang, Y.K. Shin, K.H. Ma and P. Chin. 2001. Histological responses of the flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus exposed to copper. Journal of Fish Pathology 14: 81-90.
  22. Lee, K.H. 2002. A study on adsorption behaviors of activated carbon powder and loess for heavy metal in aqueous solution. Journal of the Korean Society for Environmental Analysis 5: 123-130.
  23. Lee, Y.C., Y.J. Chang and B.K. Lee. 1997. Osmoregulation capability of juvenile grey mullets (Mugil cephalus) with the different salinities. Journal of the Korean Fisheries Society 30: 216-224.
  24. Magee, A.C. and S. Spahr. 1964. Effects of dietary supplements on young rats fed high levels of zinc. Journal of Nutrition 82: 209-216. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/82.2.209
  25. McCord, J.M. and I. Fridovich. 1969. Superoxide dismutase an enzymic function ferythrocuprotein (Hemocuprotein). Journal of Biological Chemistry 244: 6049-6055.
  26. McGeer, J.C., C. Szebedinszky, D.F. McDonald and C.M. Wood. 2000. Effects of chronic sublethal exposure to waterbrne Cu, Cd or Zn in rainbow trout. 1: Iono-regulatory disturbance and metabolic costs. Aquatic Toxicology 50: 231-243. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-445X(99)00105-8
  27. Park, S.H., I.S. Song and Y.C. Cho. 2000. Experimental study on the accumulation of cadmium and other metals in the fish bodies (Oryzias latipes). Korean Journal of Environmental Health Society 26: 25-31.
  28. Seo, E.W., Y.J. Kim and S.C. Baek. 2008. Soil components and elution characteristics of heavy metals in sediments of Andong and Imha reservoirs. Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society 9: 47-52.
  29. Shin, M.J., Y.M. Park, J.E. Lee and E.W. Seo. 2010a. Heavy metal contents in tissues of fishes in Andong and Imha reservoirs. Korean Journal of Life Science 20: 1378-1384. https://doi.org/10.5352/JLS.2010.20.9.1378
  30. Shin, M.J., O.C. Kwon, J.E. Lee and E.W. Seo. 2010b. Effects of cadmium exposure on tissues of Carassius auratus. Korean Journal of Life Science 20: 1490-1497. https://doi.org/10.5352/JLS.2010.20.10.1490
  31. Shin, M.Y., D.L. Choi, J.K. Chung and S.K. Chun. 1993. Histopathological changes in fish gills by potassium permanganate and influence of water quality. Journal of Fish Pathology 6: 21-55.
  32. Soh, C.T., I.S. Yoo, H. Park, S.H. Kim, J.J. Kim and D.Y. Min. 1993. Experimental study on the effect of cadmium containing shellfish by the long term intake. Korean Journal of Malacology 9: 85-93.
  33. Sorensen, E.M. 1991. Cadmium, p. 175-234. In: Metal Poisoning in Fish., CRC press, Boston.
  34. Watzin, M.C. and P.R. Roscigno. 1997. The effects of zinc contamination on the recruitment and early survival of benethic invertebrates in an estuary. Marine Pollution Bulletin 34: 443-455. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(96)00132-4
  35. Wendel, A. and S. Feuerstin. 1981. Drug-induced lipid peroxidation in mice-l. Modulation by monoxygenase activity, glutathione and selsnium status. Biochemical Pharmacology 30: 2513-2520. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(81)90576-1
  36. Wicklund, A., L. Norrgren and P. Runn. 1990. The influence of cadmium and zinc on cadmium turnover in the zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 3: 348-353.
  37. You, K.H., C.K. Choi, R.S. Choe and Y.K. Deung. 1978. Ultrastructural studies on cadmium poisoning in the liver, kidney and gills of Carassius carassius. Korean Journal Electron Microscopy 8: 33-48.
  38. Zelikoff, J.T., D. Bowser, K.S. Squibb and K. Frenkel. 1995. Immunotoxicity of low level cadmium exposure in fish, an alternative animal model for immunotoxicological studies. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 45: 235-248. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287399509531993
  39. Zikic, R.V., A.S. Stajn, S.Z. Pavlovic, B.I. Ognjanovic and Z.S. Saicic. 2001. Activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase in erythrocytes and plasma transaminases of goldfish (Carassius auratus gibelio Bloch) exposed to cadmium. Physiological Research 50: 105-111.