Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene (한국산업보건학회지)

Korean Industrial Hygiene Association (한국산업보건학회)
권호 표지

Association between the lead exposure index and plasma homocysteine, and blood pressure in retired lead workers

퇴직한 납 근로자들의 납 노출지표 및 혈장 호모시스테인과 혈압과의 관련성

  • Kim, Nam-Soo (Institute of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Soonchunhyang University) ;
  • Jung, Kyung-Sick (Institute of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Soonchunhyang University) ;
  • Lee, Byung-Kook (Institute of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Soonchunhyang University)
  • 김남수 (순천향대학교 환경산업의학연구소) ;
  • 정경식 (순천향대학교 환경산업의학연구소) ;
  • 이병국 (순천향대학교 환경산업의학연구소)
  • Received : 2011.09.02
  • Accepted : 2011.11.07
  • Published : 2011.12.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Objectives: Blood lead and hyperhomocysteinemia have been found to be associated with cardiovascular disease. The objective of the present study was to assess the relationship of lead biomarkers on plasma homocysteine and blood pressure. Methods: To evaluate the effect of lead biomarkers including blood lead on plasma homocysteine and blood pressure in retired lead workers, 66 retired lead workers without any occupational exposure to organic solvent, mercury and arsenic were agreed to participate this study. For the control subjects 42 controls were recruited from same area of retired lead workers with consideration of demographic characteristics. Results: The mean levels of blood lead and ZPP of retired lead workers were significantly higher than control group. There were positive significant correlations between blood lead and plasma homocysteine, also systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The multiple linear regression analysis also reveled that plasma homocysteine was significantly associated with blood lead after adjusting for age, gender, body mass index, lead exposure, smoking and drinking. Diastolic blood pressure was significantly associated with blood lead, plasma homocysteine, and total cholesterol; whereas, systolic blood pressure was significantly associated with plasma homocysteine only. Conclusions: Blood lead showed significant association with plasma homocysteine and blood pressure even after more than mean 10 years from their retirements.

Keywords

References

  1. 김남수, 김진호, 이병국. 퇴직한 납 근로자들의 체내 납 부담 노출지표가 신경행동학적 기능에 미치는 영향. 한국산업위생학회지 2010; 20(3): 156-167.
  2. 김남수, 김진호, 김화성, 김희선, 이성수, Andrew C. Todd, 이병국. 퇴직한 납 취급 근로자들에서 골밀도 저하와 경골납량이 혈중납량에 미치는 영향. 한국산업위생학회지 2006; 16(4): 324-333.
  3. 민혜선. 한국 성인 남녀의 엽산 영양상태와 혈장 호모시 스테인 농도. 한국영양학회지 2001; 34 (4): 393-400.
  4. 이미경. 혈중 homocysteine과 체내 lead, cadmium과의 관계. 경북대학교 대학원 의학과 예방의학 전공 박사학위논문. 2010.
  5. Antonio CDS, Sergio C, Creuza MR, Neife AG. Occupational exposure to lead, kidney function tests, and blood pressure. Am J Ind Med 1994; 26: 635- 643. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.4700260506
  6. Apostoli P, Maranelli G, Micciolo R. Is hypertension a confounding factor in the assessment of blood lead reference values?. Sci Total Environ 1992; 120 (1/2): 127-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(92)90224-G
  7. ATSDR. Toxicological profile for lead. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services Public Health Service. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. 2007.
  8. Bernard BP, Becker CE. Environmental lead exposure and the kidney. J Toxicol Cloin Toxicol 1988; 6 (1-2): 1-34.
  9. Bhatnagar A. Environmental cardiology: studying mechanistic links between pollution and heart disease. Circ Res 2006; 99: 692-705. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.RES.0000243586.99701.cf
  10. Blumberg WE, Eisinger J, Lamola AA, Zuckermann DM. Zinc protoporphyrin level in blood determination by a portable hematofluorometer; A screening device for lead poisoning. J Lab Clin Med 1977; 89: 712-723.
  11. Chia SE, Ali SM, Lee BL, Lim GH, Jin S et al. Association of blood lead and homocysteine levels among lead exposed subjects in Vietnam and Singapore. Occup Environ Med 2007; 64 (10): 688-93. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.2006.030882
  12. Cramer K, Goyer RA, Jagenburg R, Wilson MH. Renal ultrastructure renal function, and parameters of lead toxicity in workers with different period of lead exposure. Brit J Ind Med 1974; 31: 113-127.
  13. D'Angelo A, Selhub J. Homocysteine and thrombotic disease. Blood 1997; 90: 1-11.
  14. Den Hond E, Nawrot T and Staessen JA. The relationship between blood pressure and blood lead in NHANES III. J Hum Hypertens 2002; 16: 563-568. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jhh.1001452
  15. Eichinger S, Strumpflen A, Hirschl M, Bialonczyk C and Herkner K et al: Hyperhomocysteinemia is a risk factor of recurrent venous thromboembolism. Thromb Haemost, 1998; 80 (4): 566-569.
  16. EPA. 2006. Air quality criteria for lead. Available: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recorddisplay.cfm? deid=158823.
  17. Fernandez FJ. Micromethod for lead determination in whole blood by atomic absorption with use of graphite furnace. Clin Chem 1975; 21: 555-561.
  18. Franken DG, Boers GH, Blom HJ, Cruysberg JR, Trijbels, FJ et al. Prevalence of familial mild hyperhomocysteinemia. Atherosclerosis 1996; 125: 71-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9150(96)05849-2
  19. Gomez-Ambrosi J Pastor, C Salvador J, Silva C, Rotellar, F et al. Influence of waist circumference on the metabolic risk associated with impaired fasting glucose: effect of weight loss after gastric bypass. Obes Surg 2007; 17: 585-591. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-007-9101-7
  20. Grandjean P, Hollnagel H, Hedegaard L, Christensen JM, Larsen, S. Blood lead-blood pressure relationship; Alcohol intake and hemoglobin as confounders. Am J of Epidemiol 1989; 129 (4): 732-739. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115188
  21. Huang CW, Chen TH, Lin HS, Tseng YL, Lai SL. et al. The relation between plasma homocysteine level and cardiovascular risk factors in cerebral ischemia. Acta Neurol Taiwan 2007; 16: 81-85.
  22. Jacques PF, Williams RR, Ellison RC, Eckfeldt JH, Rosenberg, IH. et al. Relation between folate status, a common in methyltetrahydrofolate reductase, and plasma homocysteine concentrations. Circulation 1996; 93: 7-9. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.93.1.7
  23. Jacques PF, Bostem AG, Wilson PW, Rich S, Rsenberg IH. et al. Determinants of plasma total homocysteine concentration in the Framinghan offspring cohort. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 73: 613-21.
  24. Johan BU, Hayward V, Annatjie van der M, Piet JB. Vitamin B-12, vitamin B-6 and folate nutritional status in men with hyperhomocysteinemia. Am J Clin Nutr 1993; 57: 47-53. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/57.1.47
  25. Henderson DA. The etiology of chronic nephritis in Queensland. Med J Aust 1958; 1: 377-386.
  26. Hertz-picciotto I, Croft J. review of the relation between blood lead and blood pressure. Epidemiol Rev 1993; 15: 352-373. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036125
  27. Loperz AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison DT, Murray CJ. Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001:systemic analysis of population health data. Lancet 2006; 367: 1747-1757. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68770-9
  28. Kirkby H, Gyntelberg F. Blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk factors of long-term exposure to lead. Scand J Work Environ Health 1985; 11: 15-19. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.2259
  29. Ludwig ML, Matthews RG. Structure-based perspectives on B12-dependent enzymes. Annu Rev Biochem 1997; 66: 269-313. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.66.1.269
  30. Navas-Acien A, Guallar E, Silbergeld EK, Rothenberg SJ. Lead exposure and cardiovascular disease-a systemic review. Environ Health Perspect 2007; 115: 472-482.
  31. Nawrot TS, Thijs L, Den Hond EM, Roels HA, Staessen JA. An epidemiological re-appraisal of the association between blood pressure and blood lead: a metaanalysis J of Human Hypertension 2002; 16: 123-131. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jhh.1001300
  32. Neri LC, Hewitt D, Orser B. Blood lead and blood pressure; Analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal data from Canada. Environmental Health Perspectives 1988;78: 123-126. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8878123
  33. Nomiyama K, Nomiyama H, Liu SJ, Tao YX, Nomiyama, T et al. Lead induced increase of blood pressure in female lead workers. Occup Environ Med 2002; 59: 734-739. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.59.11.734
  34. Nygard O, Refsum H, Vollset SE, Stensvold I, Tverdal A et al. Total plasma homocysteine and cardiorisk profile. The Hordland Homocystein Study. JAMA 1995; 274: 1526-1533. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1995.03530190040032
  35. Nygard O, Refsum H, Ueland PM, Vollset SE. Major lifestyle determinants of plasma total homocysteine distribution: the Hardland Homocysteine Study. Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 67:263-270. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/67.2.263
  36. Perier MA, Gineyts E, Munoz F, Sornay-Rendu E, Delmas PD. Homocysteine and fracture risk in postmenopausal women: the OFELY study. Osteoporos Int 2007; 18: 1329-1336. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-007-0393-1
  37. Ramon R, Walter P, Julia A, Myrian O, Gonzalo R. Homocysteine and essential hypertension. J Clin Pharmacol 2003; 43: 1299-1306. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091270003258190
  38. Parkinson DK, Hodgson MJ, Bormet EJ, Dew MA, Connell MM. Occupational lead exposure and blood pressure. Brit J of Industr Med 1987; 44: 744-748.
  39. Pocock SJ, Sharper AG, Ashby D, Delves HT, Clayton, BE. The relationship between blood lead, blood pressure, stroke and heart attacks in middle-aged british men. Environmental Health Perspectives 1988; 78: 23-30. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.887823
  40. Poreba R, Gac P, Poreba M, Andrzejak R. Environmental and occupational exposure to lead as a potential risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 31(2): 267-277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2010.12.002
  41. Richard D, Christina M, Jorge B, Verna A, Mostafa W. How environmental and genetic factors combine to cause autism : A redox/methylation hypothesis. Neuro Toxicology 2008; 29: 190-201.
  42. Rodgers GM, Conn MT. Homocysteine, an atherogenic stimulus, reduecs protein C activat-ivation by arterial and venous endothelial cells. Blood 1990; 75: 895-901.
  43. Schafer JH, Glass TA, Bressler J, Todd AC, Schwartz BS. Blood lead is a predictor of homocysteine levels in a population-based study of older adults. Environ Health Persp 2005; 113: 31-35.
  44. Schwartz J. Lead, blood pressure, and cardiovascular disease in men. Arch Environ Health 1995; 50: 31-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/00039896.1995.9955010
  45. Selhub J, Miller JW. The pathogenesis of homocysteinemia: interruption of the coordinate regulation by Sadenosylmethionine of the remethylation and trassulfuration of homocysteine. Am J Clin Nutr 1992; 55: 131-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/55.1.131
  46. Sharp DS, Becker CE, Smith AH. chronic low-level lead exposure. Its role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Med Toxicol 1987; 2: 210-232. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03259865
  47. Staessen JA, Bulpitt CJ, Fagard R, Lauwerys RR, Roels H et al. Hypertension caused by low-level lead exposure: myth or fact? J Cardiovasc Risk 1994; 1 (1): 87-97. https://doi.org/10.1097/00043798-199406000-00014
  48. Suzanne LC, Marianne X, Alain P, Jacob S, Jean D et al. Plasma total homocysteine in health subject: sex-specific relation with biological traits. Am J Clin Nutr 1996; 64: 587-93. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/64.4.587
  49. William RH. The relationship of blood lead levels to blood pressure in the U.S. population. Environmental Health Perspectives 1988; 78: 9-13. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.88789
  50. van Asselt DZ, de Groot LC, van Staveren WA, Blom HJ, Wevers RA et al. Role of cobalamin intake and atrophic gastritis in mild cobalamin deficiency in older Dutch subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 68: 328-334.
  51. van Wersch JWJ, Janssens Y, Zandvoort JA. Folic acid, Vitamin B12, and homocysteine in smoking and nonsmoking pregnant women. European Journal of Obestetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 2002; 103: 18-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-2115(02)00013-1
  52. Vaziri ND, Sica DA. Lead-induced hypertension: role of oxidative stress. Curr Hypertens Rep 2004; 6 (4): 314-320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-004-0027-3
  53. Verschoor M, Wibowo A, Herber R, Hemmen J, Zielhuis R. Influence of occupational low-level lead exposure on renal parameters. Am J of Ind Med 1987; 12: 341-351. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.4700120402
  54. Weinhold B. Environmental cardiology: getting to the heart of matter. Environ Health Perspect 2004; 112: 880-887. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.112-a880
  55. Wells EM, Navas-Acien A, Herbstman JB, Apelberg BJ, Silbergeld EK et al. Low-level lead exposure and elevations in blood pressure during pregnancy. Environ Health Perspect 2011; 119 (5): 664-669 https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1002666
  56. Yakub M, Iqbal MP. Association of blood lead (Pb) and plasam homocysteine: A cross sectional survey in Karachi, Pakistan. PloS One 2010; 5 (7): 1-6.