Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science (한국산림과학회지)

Korean Society of Forest Science (한국산림과학회)
권호 표지

Combustion Characteristics of the Quercus variabilis and Zelkova Serrata Dried at Room Temperature

자연 건조된 굴참나무와 느티나무의 연소특성

  • Chung, Yeong-Jin (Department of Fire and Disaster Prevention, Kangwon National University) ;
  • Kwon, In-Kyu (Department of Fire and Disaster Prevention, Kangwon National University)
  • 정영진 (강원대학교 소방방재공학과) ;
  • 권인규 (강원대학교 소방방재공학과)
  • Received : 2010.01.06
  • Accepted : 2010.03.25
  • Published : 2010.03.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

One of the restriction of wood as building material is its combustibility. The purpose of this paper is to examine the combustion properties of the quercus variabilis and zelkova serrata which are dried at room temperature and meet the desirable characteristics for use of construction materials. The cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1) was used to determine the heat release rate (HRR) and fire smoke index, as well as CO production and smoke obscuration. The $HRR_{mean}$ 77.94 kW/$m^2$ of the quercus variabilis at 50 kW/$m^2$ was high in comparison with $HRR_{mean}$ 13.06 kW/$m^2$ for the zelkova serrata. Furthermore, the quercus variabilis has high specific extinction area ($SEA_{mean}$), 41.11 $m^2$/kg compared with $SEA_{mean}$ 9.23 $m^2$/kg of zelkova serrata. Thease results are depend on the density of tested wood species. In addition, the quercus variabilis has high CO production rate compared with that of zelkova serrata. Also, zelkova serrata showed an increase of retardant properties attributed to char formation compared with that of quercus variabilis.

건자재로서 나무 결함중의 하나는 그의 가연성이다. 본 연구의 목적은 자연 건조된 굴참나무와 느티나무의 연소성질을 시험하는 것과 건자재로서의 사용에 대한 바람직한 특성을 알아내는 것이다. 열방출율과 CO 발생과 연기차폐와 같은 연기지수를 콘칼로리미터(ISO 5660-1)를 이용하여 측정하였다. 50 kW/$m^2$의 열속하에서 굴참나무의 평균 열방출율, $HRR_{mean}$(77.94 kW/$m^2$)은 느티나무의 $HRR_{mean}$(13.06 kW/$m^2$)과 비교하여 높게 나타내었다. 그리고 굴참나무의 평균 비소화면적, $SEA_{mean}$ 41.11 $m^2$/kg은 느티나무의 평균 비소화면적 $SEA_{mean}$ 9.23 $m^2$/kg에 비하여 높게 나타났다. 이들 결과는 시험목의 밀도에 의존함을 보여준다. 그리고 굴참나무는 느티나무에 비하여 높은 CO 발생속도를 나타내었다. 또한 느티나무가 굴참나무에 비해 숯생성으로 인해 난연성이 증대되었음을 보여주었다.

Keywords

References

  1. Atkins, W.S. 1984, Wood Utilisation Systems-Combustion Strateges, Energy Technolodge Support unit, Department of Energy. U.K.
  2. Babrauskas, V. 1984. Development of cone calorimeter-A bench-scale heat release rate apparatus based on oxygen consumption, Fire and Materials 8(2): 81-95. doi: 1002/ fam.810080206 https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.810080206
  3. Babrauskas, V. 1986. New Technology to reduce Fire Losses and Costs, In : Grayson, S.J. and Smith, D.A., eds., Elsevier Appied Science Publisher, London.
  4. Babrauskas, V. 2001. Ignition of wood, pp. 71-88. In : A Review of the State of the Art. Interflam 2001, Interscience Communications Ltd., London, UK.
  5. Babrauskas, V. and Grayson, S.J. 1992. Heat release in Fires, pp. 644, E & FN Spon (Chapman and Hall), London, UK.
  6. Beall, F.C. and Eickner, H.W. 1970, Research Paper FPL 130, USDA Forest Service Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wis.
  7. Bilbao, R. 2001, Experimental and theretical study of the ignition and smoldering of wood including convective effects. Combustion Flame 126: 1363-1372. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-2180(01)00251-6
  8. Boonmee, N. and Quintiere, J.G. 2002. Glowing the ignition and burning rate of wood. pp. 289-296. In : Twentyninth Symposium (international) on combustion, The Combustion Institute, 29.
  9. Boonmee, N. and Quintiere, J.G. 2004. Glowing ignition of wood: the onset of surface combustion. pp. 2303-2310. In : Thirtieth Symposium (international) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute. 30.
  10. Browne, F.L. 1963. USDA Forest Service Forest Products Laboratory Report 2136, USDA Forest Service Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wis., 1958; reviewed and refirmed.
  11. Carle, J.B. and Brown J.L.1976. Wood as a source of solid fuel. In : Watt, G.S. ed. a review, New Zealand Forest Service, Auckland. NZ.
  12. Carlson, F.E., Phillips, E.K., Tenhaeff, S.C., and Detlefsen, W.D. 1995. A. study of formaldehyde and other organic emissions from pressing of labiratory oriented strandbord. Forest Prod. J. 45(3): 71-77.
  13. Chirico, A.D., Armanini, M., Chini, P., Cioccolo, G., Provasoli, F., and Audiso, G. 2002. Flame retardants for polypropylene based on lignin. Polymer Degradation and Stability 79: 139-145.
  14. Chung, Y.J. 2007a. Combustion Chracteristics of Veneers Treated by ammonium Salts. Journal of the Korean Industrial & Engineering Chemistry 18(2): 194-198.
  15. Chung, Y.J. 2007b. Flame retardancy of veneers treated by ammonium salts. Journal of the Korean Industrial & Engineering Chemistry 18(3): 251-254.
  16. Chung, Y.J. 2009. Combustion Characterisics of the Pinus Rigida and Castanea Savita Using Cone Calorimeter. Journal of Korean Forest Society 98(3): 319-323.
  17. Delichatsios, M., Paroz, B. and Bhargava, A. 2003. Flammability properties for charring materials. Fire Safety Journal 38: 219-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0379-7112(02)00080-2
  18. Drysdale, D. 1996. An introduction to fire dynamics, john Wily & Sons, U.S.A.
  19. EN 13823, 2002. Reaction to Fire Tests for Building Products. Building Products Excluding Floorings Exposed to the Thermal Attack by a Single Burning Item.
  20. Glasius, M., Ketzel, M., Wahlin, P., Jensen, B., Monster, J., Berkowicz, R. and Palmgren F. 2006. Impact of wood combustion on particle levels in a residential area in Denmark. Atmospheric Environment 40(37): 7115-7124. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.06.047
  21. Hirschler, M.M. 1990. Fire Hazard and Toxic Potency of 0.1 the Smoke from Burning Materials. Advances in Combustion Toxicology 2: 229-230.
  22. Hirschler, M. 2001. Thermal decomposition and chemical composition, pp. 239-300. In: American Chemical Society Symposium Series 797.
  23. Hull, R.T. and Paul Keith, T. 2007. Bench-scale assessment of combustion toxicity-a critical analysis of current protocols, Fire Safety Journal 42(5): 340-365. doi: 10.1016/ j.firesaf.2006.12.006
  24. ISO 5660-1, 2002. Reaction-to-Fire Tests nHeat Release, Smoke Production and Mass Loss Rate n Part1: Heat Release Rate (Cone Calorimeter Method).
  25. Kubler, H. 1980. Wood as building and hobby material, pp.139-149J. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., U.S.A.
  26. Risholm-Sundman, M., Lundgren, M., Vestin, E. and Herder, P. 1998. Emissions of acetic acid and other volatile organic compounds from different species of solid wood. Holz alas Rohund Werkstoff 56(2): 125-129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001070050282
  27. Simpso, W.T. 1987. Drying and Control of Moisture Content and Dimensional Changes, Chap.12. pp.1-21, In :Wood Handbook-Wood as an Engineering Material, Forest Product Laboratory U.S.D.A., Forest Service Madison, Wisconsine, U.S.A.
  28. Spearpoint, M.J. 1999. Predicting the ignition and burning rate of wood in the cone calorimeter using an intergral model, pp.30-46. NIST GCR 99-775, U.S.A.
  29. Mikkola, E. 1991. Charring of Wood Based Materials, pp. 547-556, In : Fire Safety Science, Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, Elsevir Applied Science, London.
  30. Pearce, F.M., Khanna, Y.P. and Raucher, D. 1981. Thermal analysis in polymer flammability, Chap. 8. In : Thermal Characterization of Polymeric Materials, Academic Press, New York, U.S.A.
  31. Quintiere, J.G. 1992. A Semi-quantitative Model for the Burning Rate of Solid Materials, NISTIR 4840, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD.
  32. Shafizadeh, F. and DeGroot, W. F. 1976. Combustion characteristics of cellulosic fuels. In : Shafizadeh F., Sarkenen K.V. and Tillman D.A. edds. Thermal Uses and Properties of Carbohydrates and Lignins, Academic Press, New York, U.S.A.
  33. Spearpoint, M.J. and Quintiere, G.J. 2000. Predicting the burning of wood using an integral model, Combustion and Flame, 123: 308-324. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-2180(00)00162-0
  34. Tissari, J., Hytonen, K. Lyynranen, J. and Jokinienmi J. 2007. A nodel field measurement method for determining fire particle and gas emissions from residential wood combustion. Atmospheric Environment 41(37): 8330-8344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.06.018
  35. Tran, H.C. and White R.H. 1992. Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release calorimeter. Fire and Materials 16: 197-206. https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.810160406
  36. Yang, L., Chen, X., Zhou, X. and Fan, W. 2003. The pyrolysis and ignition of charring matrials under an external heat flux. Combustion and Flame 133: 407-413. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-2180(03)00026-9