Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles (한국의류학회지)

The Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles (한국의류학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Validation of the Proximity of Clothing to Self Scale for Older Persons

의복의 자아 근접성 척도 검증 - 노년층을 대상으로 -

  • Lee, Young-A (Dept. of Textiles & Consumer Sciences, Florida State University) ;
  • Sontag, M. Suzanne (Dept. of Human Environment & Design, Michigan State University)
  • Published : 2007.06.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Sontag and Lee (2004) recently developed an objectively measurable instrument, the Proximity of Clothing to Self(PCS) Scale, which measured the psychological closeness of clothing to self. They validated a 4-factor, 24-item PCS Scale for use with adolescents and identified the need for confirmation of the factor structure with other age groups. This paper extends the work of Sontag and Lee by employing the PCS Scale with older persons, age 65 and over, and reports the validation of a 3-factor, 19-item PCS Scale for older persons. A mail survey was sent to a national random sample of 1,700 older Persons by means of a list purchased from a U.S. survey sampling company in late November 2004. Total usuable number of respondents was 250 with an adjusted response rate of 15.6 percent. Three analytical rounds of confirmatory factor analysis(CFA) to test the construct validity of the PCS Scale were conducted by using AMOS 5.0(Analysis of Moment Structures), one of several structural equation modeling(SEM) programs. Completion of three rounds of the CFA resulted in a 3-factor, 19-item PCS Scale with demonstrated construct validity and reliability for older persons. The three PCS dimensions are clothing in relation to 1) self as structure-process(PCS Dimension 1-2-3 combined), 2) self-esteem-evaluative and affective processes(PCS Dimension 4-5 combined), and 3) body image and body cathexis(PCS Dimension 6). The initially hypothesized 6-factor scale(Sontag & Lee, 2004) was not confirmed for adolescents in their study nor with older persons in this study. In addition, the 4-factor solution for the adolescent group did not hold for older persons. It appears that the self-system of older persons is more integrated than may be true for younger individuals. Recommendations for future testing of construct validity of the PCS Scale are made.

의복의 자아 근접성 개념을 기반으로 한 여러 연령층의 설문조사 결과를 바탕으로 하여 2004년에 Sontag과 Lee가 객관적 측정도구, 의복의 자아 근접성 척도(PCS Scale)를 개발하였다. Sontag과 Lee는 24-항목을 포함한 4-요인으로 구성된 PCS 척도를 청소년층을 대상으로 타당화 하였다. 본 연구는 그들 연구의 연계로 초기 6-요인으로 구성되었던 PCS 척도를 노년층에 적용하여 19-항목을 포함한 3-요인으로 구성된 PCS 척도를 타당화 한다. 65세 이상의 노인층이 본 연구의 표본집단으로 설정되었고 임의 표집방법을 이용, 미국 전역 1,700명의 노년 표본이 표본조사회사로부터 구입되었다. 2004년 11월 설문조사가 시작되어 2005년 2월에 총 250개의 이용 가능한 설문자료가 수집되었다(15.6%의 응답 비율). PCS 척도의 타당성을 검증하기 위하여 Sontag과 Lee의 연구에서 사용한 요인분석과 신뢰도분석을 동일하게 3단계 절차로 노인층을 대상으로 실시하였다. AMOS 5.0 을 사용한 3단계 신뢰도 분석 결과 19-항목을 포함한 3-요인으로 구성된 PCS척도의 타당성이 노인층을 대상으로 검증되었다. 노인층의 PCS척도는 다음의 3-요인으로 구성된다: 1) 의복이 자아 구성 과정에 미치는 영향(PCS 요인 1-2-3의 병합), 2) 의복이 평가적이고 정서적인 자존 형성과정에 미치는 영향(PCS 요인 4-5의 병합), 그리고 3) 의복이 신체상과 신체에 쏟는 정신 집중정도에 미치는 영향(PCS 요인 6). Sontag과 Lee가 초기적으로 가설한 6-요인 PCS 척도는 청소년층과 노인층을 대상으로 한 어느 연구에서도 검증되지 않았다. 더 나아가, 이들이 검증한 청소년층의 4-요인 PCS 척도도 노인층을 대상으로 한 연구에서 검증되지 않았다. 이는 노인들의 자아 구성 이젊은 층보다 더 통괄/복합적인 것에서 기인된다고 보인다. 이 글은 PCS 척도의 앞으로의 연구방향과 이용방향을 끝으로 마무리 지어 진다.

Keywords

References

  1. Arbuckle, J. L. & Wothke, W. (1999). Amos 4.0 user's guide. Chicago, IL: Small Waters Corporation
  2. Bollen, K. A. & Stine, R. A. (1993). Bootstrapping goodness-of- fit measures in structural equation models. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 111-135). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications
  3. Buckley, H. M. & Roach, M. E. (1974). Clothing as a nonverbal communicator of social and political attitudes. Home Economics Research Journal, 3, 94-102 https://doi.org/10.1177/1077727X7400300201
  4. Cooley, C. H. (1902). Human nature and the social order. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons
  5. Creekmore, A. M. (1974). Clothing related to body satisfaction and perceived peer self. (Research Rep. No. 239). East Lansing: Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station
  6. Dickey, L. E. (1967). Projection of the self through judgments of clothed-figures and its relation to self-esteem, security-insecurity and to selected clothing behaviors. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park
  7. Kwon, Y. H. (1994). Feeling toward one's clothing and selfperception of emotion, sociability, and work competency. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 9, 129-139
  8. Lee, J. (1997). Proximity of clothing to self: Its relationship to self-perception, clothing deprivation and gender among adolescents. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Michigan State University, East Lansing
  9. Lee, Y. A. (2005). Older persons' successful aging: Relationships among proximity of clothing to self, age identity, and self actualization. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Michigan State University, East Lansing
  10. Lynn, M. L. (1990). Proximity of clothing to self: Implications for the elderly consumer. Unpublished master's thesis, University of lllinois, Urbana
  11. Hair, J. F., Jr., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1995). Multi-variate data analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall
  12. James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology (Vol. 1). New York: Henry Holt & Co.
  13. Mardia, K. V. & Foster, K. (1983). Omnibus tests of multinormality based on skewness and kurtosis. Communications in statistics: Theory and methods, 12, 207-221 https://doi.org/10.1080/03610928308828452
  14. Mead, G H. (1967). Mind, self, and society. In C. W. Morris (Ed.), Works of george herbert mead (Vol. 1), (pp.42-335). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press
  15. Raj, D. (1972). The design of sample surveys. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company
  16. Reed, J. (1973) Clothing as a symbolic indicator of the self. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Purdue University, West Lafayette
  17. Roach, M. E. & Eicher, J. B. (1973). The visible self: Perspectives on dress. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall
  18. Rogers, C. R. (1951). Client-centered therapy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin
  19. Rosenberg, M. (1979). Conceiving the self. New York: Basic Books
  20. Salant, P. & Dillman, D. A. (1994). How to conduct your own survey. New York: Wiley
  21. Schmerbauch, D. A. (1993). Perception of the psychological closeness of dress and self-esteem by early and late adolescents. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Illinois, Urbana
  22. Shim, S., Kotsiopulos, A., & Knoll, D. S. (1991). Body cathexis, clothing attitude, and their relations to clothing and shopping behavior among male consumers. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 9, 35-44 https://doi.org/10.1177/0887302X9100900306
  23. Slocum, A. C. (1981). Clothing and perceived quality of life. ACPTC Combined Proceedings, 38, 23-33
  24. Sontag, M. S. (1978). Clothing as an indicator of perceived quality of life. Doctoral dissertation, Michigan State University, East Lansing
  25. Sontag, M. S. & Lee, J. (2004). Proximity of clothing to self scale. Clothing and Textile Research Journal, 22(4), 161-184 https://doi.org/10.1177/0887302X0402200402
  26. Sontag, M. S. & Schlater, J. D. (1982). Proximity of clothing to self: Evolution of a concept. Clothing and Textile Research Journal, 1, 1-8 https://doi.org/10.1177/0887302X8200100101
  27. Stone, G. P. (1962). Appearance and the self. In A. M. Rose (Ed.), Human behavior and social processes: An interactionist approach (pp. 86-118). New York: Houghton Mifflin
  28. Vreeman, A. L. (1985). Apparel purchase behavior: An investigation of apparel as a high involvement product. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Illinois, Urbana
  29. U.S. Bureau of the Census. (2003). The 65 years and over population: 2000, Washington, DC: GPO. Retrieved August 10, 2004, from http://www.census.gov/population

Cited by

  1. Exploratory Correlation Analysis among Age Identity, Proximity of Clothing to Self, and Self-Actualization for Older Persons in the United States vol.33, pp.12, 2009, https://doi.org/10.5850/JKSCT.2009.33.12.1897