Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology

The Korean Society of Wood Science & Technology (한국목재공학회)
권호 표지

Anatomical Comparison of Compression, Opposite, and Lateral Woods in a Branch of Pinus parviflora S. et Z.

섬잣나무(Pinus parviflora S. et Z.) 지재의 압축이상재, 측면재, 대응재에 관한 해부학적 특성 비교

  • Xu, Guang Zhu (Department of Forest Products, College of Forest Science, Kookmin University) ;
  • Eom, Young Geun (Department of Forest Products, College of Forest Science, Kookmin University)
  • 허광수 (국민대학교 삼림과학대학 임산공학과) ;
  • 엄영근 (국민대학교 삼림과학대학 임산공학과)
  • Received : 2004.09.10
  • Accepted : 2004.12.06
  • Published : 2005.01.25
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Compression, lateral, and opposite woods in a branch of Pinus parviflora S. et Z. were described and compared in the qualitative anatomical aspects through light and scanning electron microscopy. Tracheid transition from earlywood to latewood in the compression wood appeared to be relatively more gradual than in the opposite or lateral wood. Growth ring width and proportion of latewood were thought to be greater in the compression wood than in the lateral or opposite wood. The latewood tracheids of compression wood in transverse surface were mostly round, differently from those of lateral and opposite woods with square to angular shapes. Also, intercellular spaces, helical cavities and checks, and slit-like pit apertures were observed only in the compression wood tracheids. Cross-field pitting in the compression wood appeared not to be used as diagnostic guide because of their severe alteration from normal fenestriform or window-like type to cupressoid to taxodioid types. In tangential surface, fusiform rays in the compression wood were wider but lower than those in the lateral wood or opposite wood. In conclusion, compression wood was different from lateral and opposite woods but lateral and opposite woods were almost identical in qualitative anatomical features.

본 연구는 섬잣나무(Pinus parviflora S. et Z.) 지재에 발달되어 있는 압축이상재, 측면재 및 대응재의 조직학적 특성을 광학현미경과 주사전자현미경을 이용하여 비교, 검토하였다. 조재로부터 만재로의 가도관 이행은 압축이상재가 측면재나 대응재보다 상대적으로 더 점진적이었다. 그리고 연륜폭과 만재율은 압축이상재가 측면재 혹은 대응재보다 큰 경향을 보였다. 횡단면상 만재 가도관의 형상에 있어 정방형 내지 다각형을 나타내는 측면재 및 대응재와는 달리 압축이상재는 원형을 나타냈다. 세포간극, 나선강, 나선째짐 및 슬릿형 벽공구는 압축이상재에만 발달하였다. 그러나 우상층은 측면재 및 대응재뿐만 아니라 압축이상재 가도관에서도 모두 관찰되었다. 압축이상재의 교분야벽공은 정상적인 창상형 벽공이 아니라 심한 변형을 통해 편백형 내지 삼나무형 벽공을 나타내기 때문에 식별 인자로 이용될 수 없는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 방추형방사조직의 폭과 높이는 압축이상재가 측면재 및 대응재의 것보다 넓고 낮은 모습을 보였다. 결론적으로 압축이상재의 해부학적 특징은 측면재나 대응재와 상이한 특성을 나타냈으나 대응재와 측면재 사이에는 해부학적 차이가 거의 없었다.

Keywords

References

  1. Bowyer, J L., R. Shmulsky, and J. G. Haygreen. 2003. Forest products and wood: An introduction. 4th ed., Iowa State Press. A Blackwell Publishing Co., Iowa, USA
  2. Boyd, J. D. 1973. Helical fissures in compression wood cells: Causative factors and mechanics of development. Wood Sci. and Tech. 7: 92-111 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00351153
  3. Chung, Y. J. and P. W. Lee. 1989. Anatomical studies on the $features of ray in compression wood of Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.). Jour. Korean For. Soc. 78(2): 119-131
  4. Core, H. A., W. A. Cote, Jr., and A. C. Day. 1961. Characteristics of compression wood in some native confiers. For. Prod. J. 11: 356-362
  5. Core, H. A., W. A. Cote, and A. C. Day. 1979. Wood ultrastructure and identification. 2nd ed., Syracuse Univ. Press, Syracuse, New York, USA
  6. Cote, W. A. Jr., A. C. Day, and T. E. Timell. 1967. Studies on compression wood. V: Nature of the compression wood formed in the early spring-wood of confiers. Holzforschung 21(6): 180-186 https://doi.org/10.1515/hfsg.1967.21.6.180
  7. Cote, W. A. Jr., N. P. Kutscha, and T. E. Timell. 1968. Studies on compression wood. VIII: Formation of cavity in compression wood tracheids of Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. Holzforschung 22: 138-144 https://doi.org/10.1515/hfsg.1968.22.2.38
  8. Eom, Y. G. and P. W. Lee. 1985. Scanning electron microscopic studies on the features of compression wood, opposite, and side wood in branch of pitch pine (Pinus rigida Miller). Kor. Wood Sci. and Tech. 13(1): 3-18
  9. Eom, Y. G. 1991. Anatomical comparison between compression wood and opposite wood in a branch of Ginkgo biloba L. Kor. Wood Sci. and Tech. 19(3): 77-85
  10. Eom, Y. G. and B. G. Butterfield. 1997. Anatomical comparisons of compression, opposite, and lateral woods in New Zealand radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don). Kor. Wood Sci. and Tech. 25: 88-99
  11. Eom, Y. G. and B. G. Butterfield. 2001. Anatomical comparisons of compression, opposite, and lateral woods in New Zealand Rimu (Dacrydium cupressinum Lamb). Kor. Wood Sci. and Tech. 29(3): 1-13
  12. Harris, J. M. 1991. Structure of wood and bark. In: J. A. Kininmonth and L. J. Whitehouse (eds.), Properties and uses of New Zealand radiata pine. Vol. 1. Wood properties. Chap. 2. N. Z. Min. For., For. Res. Inst., Rotorua
  13. Jaccard, P. 1919. Nouvells recherches surl'accroissem- ent en $\acute{e}paisseur$ des arbres. Fondation Schnyder von Wartensee $\grave{a}$ Zurich, Librairie Payot et Companie, Lausanne, Geneve
  14. Japan Wood Research Society. 1985. Wood science laboratory book. I. Physics and engineering. Chugai Sangyo Chosakai, Japan
  15. Lee, P. W. and Y. G. Eom. 1984. Scanning electron microscopical study on the compression wood and opposite wood formed in branch of Juniperus virginiana L. Kor. Wood Sci. and Tech. 12(4): 47-52
  16. Lee, P. W. and Y. G. Eom. 1988. Anatomical comparison between compression wood and opposite wood in a branch of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis). IAWA Bull. n.s. 9: 275-284 https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001077
  17. Lee, P. W., Y. J. Chung, and M. Kwon. 1991. Cellular anatomy of compression wood and opposite wood in a branch of Taxodium distichum Rich. Jour. Korean For. Soc. 80(3): 296-302
  18. McGinnes, E. A. and J. E. Phelps. 1972. Intercellular spaces in eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana L.). Wood Sci. 4: 225-229
  19. Mio, S. and T. Matsumoto. 1982. A note on parent cell walls in coniferous woods. IAWA Bull. n.s. 3: 55-88 https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000747
  20. Mork, E. 1928. Om tennar (On compression wood). Tidskr. Skogbruk 36: 1-41
  21. Onaka, F. 1949. Studies on compression wood and tension wood. Mokuzai Kenkyo No. 1, Wood Res. Inst., Kyoto University
  22. Panshin, A. J. and C. de Zeeuw. 1980. Textbook of wood technology. 4th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, USA
  23. Park, S. J. 1983. Structure of 'opposite' wood I. Structure of the annual ring in the 'opposite' wood of horizontal growing stem of Akamatsu (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.). Mokuzai Gakkaishi 29:295-301
  24. Park, S. J. 1984a. Structure of 'opposite' wood II. Variability in the diameter and wall thickness of tracheid, ring width, and latewood percentage. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 30: 110-116
  25. Park, S. J. 1984b. Structure of 'opposite' wood III. Variability of the microfibril angle and length of the tracheids in the peripheral positions within each annual ring including 'opposite' wood. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 30: 435-439
  26. Park, S. J. 1986. Structure of 'opposite' wood. V. Structure of 'opposite' wood in an inclined stem of Akamatsu (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.). Mokuzai Gakkaishi 32: 1-5
  27. Resch, A. and R. Blaschke. 1968. Uber die Anwendung des Easter-Elektronenmikroskopes in der Holzanatomie. Planata 78: 85-88
  28. Timell, T. E. 1973. Studies on opposite wood in conifers. IT: Histology and ultrastructure. Wood Sci. and Tech. 7: 79-91 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00351152
  29. Timell, T. E. 1978a. Helical thickenings and helical cavities in normal and compression woods of Taxus baccata. Wood Sci. and Tech. 12: 1-15 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00390006
  30. Timell, T. E. 1978b. Ultrastructure of compression wood in Ginkgo biloba. Wood Sci. Tech. 12: 89-103
  31. Timell, T. E. 1979. Formation of compression wood in balsam fir. II. Ultrastructure of the differentiating xylem. Holzforschung 33: 181-191 https://doi.org/10.1515/hfsg.1979.33.6.181
  32. Timell, T. E. 1981. Recent progress in the chemistry, ultrastructure, and formation of compression wood. Int. Symp. on Wood and Pulping Chemistry, Stockholm, 1981, SPCI Rep. 38, Vol. 1:99-147
  33. Timell, T. E. 1986. Compression wood in gymnosperms. Vol. 1-3. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Tokyo
  34. Wardrop, A. B. and G. W. Davies. 1964. The nature of reaction wood. VIII. The structure and differentiation of compression wood. Aust. J. Bot. 12: 24-38
  35. Yoshizawa, N., T. Itoh, and K. Shimaji. 1982. Variation in features of compression wood among gymnosperms. Bull. Utsunomiya Univ. For. 18: 45-64
  36. Yoshizawa, N. 1987. Cambial responses to the stimulus of inclination and structural variation of compression wood tracheid in gymnosperms. Bull. of Utsunomiya Univ. For. 25: 23-141
  37. Yumoto, M. and J. Ohtani. 1981. Trabeculae in compression wood tracheids. Proc. Hokkaido Br. Japan Wood Res. Soc. 13: 9-12