Effects of Inorganic Nutrients and Heavy Metals on Germination of the Green Alga, Ulva pertusa Kjellman

녹조 구멍갈파래 (Ulva pertusa Kjellman)의 발아에 미치는 무기영양염류 및 중금속의 영향

  • Published : 2001.03.01

Abstract

Growth optima and tolerance ranges of marine algae species nay vary greatly during the developmental stage. The establishment stage is clearly of great importance for each generation, affecting the performance of the adult population. The present study was aimed to determine the effect of various concentrations of inorganic nutrients and heavy metals on germination and germlings of Ulva pertusa Kjellman (Chlorophyta). Percent germination increased rapidly as irradiance level increased, reaching the maximum at 100 ${\mu}$mol m$\^$-2/s$\^$-1/ in both east and west seawater. Percent germination in the east seawater was higher than that in the west seawater at irradiances lower than 30 ${\mu}$mol m$\^$-2/s$\^$-1/, and there was no difference in percent germination between the two different seawaters at irradiances higher than 60 ${\mu}$mol m$\^$-2/s$\^$-1/. Germling growth increased in the both cases with increasing irradiances but no growth was found in the dark. Overall germling area was larger in the east seawater than in the west seawater. Number of cell increased with increasing irradiance and became light-saturated at 100 ${\mu}$mol m$\^$-2/s$\^$-1/ in the both cases. Germlings grown in the east seawater had more cells than those cultivated in the west seawater at irradiances lower than 60 ${\mu}$mol m$\^$-2/s$\^$-1/. In various combinations of nitrate and phosphate, percent germination increased with increasing nitrate concentrations irrespective of phosphate concentrations. At 3 days after inoculation, nitrate concentration of 2.5 ppm with all phosphate concentrations promoted germination. Area and number of cell of germlings increased with increasing nitrate concentrations in all phosphate concentrations. In various combinations of copper and lead, germination was delayed as copper concentrations increased in all lead concentrations. Percent germination was severely reduced at 1 ppm Cu$\^$2+/. Area and number of cell of germlings decreased with increasing copper concentrations in all lead concentrations. The highest copper concentration (1 ppm) clearly suppressed the germling growth in U. pertusa.

해조류의 최적생장 조건과 내성범위는 그 발달단계에 따라 다양하게 나타날 수 있다. 특히 초기 정착단계에서의 생장은 성체로의 성공여부를 결정하는데 있어 중요한 의미를 갖는다고 할 수 있다. 본 연구는 녹조 구멍갈파래 (Ulva pertusa)의 생식세포와 발아체를 이용하여 무기영양염류와 중금속이 발아와 발아체 생장에 미치는 영향을 알아보고 이들의 내성범위 및 최적조건을 구하고자 하였다. 먼저 광량에 따른 발아율은 동해와 서해해수 조건 모두에서 광량이 증가함에 다라 빠르게 증가하였으며 최적광량은 100$\mu$mo1m$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$이었다. 30$\mu$mo1 m$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ 이하의 광량에서 동해수에서의 발아율은 서해수에서보다 높았으며 60$\mu$mo1 m$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$이상의 경우 두 해수조건에서 유사하게 나타났다. 발아체의 생장 또한 광량이 증가함에 따라 증가하였으며, 서해수보다 동해수에서 빠르게 생장하였다. 또한 광량이 증가함에 따라 발아체의 세포수가 증가하였으며 최적광량은 100$\mu$mo1 m$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$이었고, 60$\mu$mo1 m$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ 이하의 광량에서 서해수보다 동해수에서 발아체의 세포수가 빠르게 증가하였다. 인산염 농도에 상관없이 질산염 농도가 증가함에 따라 발아율이 증가하였으며 배양 3일 후에 질산염 2.5 ppm에서 발아율이 가장 빠르게 증가하였다. 발아체의 생장과 세포수 또한 인산염 농도에 상관없이 질산염 농도가 증가함에따라 증가하였으며, 배양 8일 후에는 질산염 0.5 ppm에서 발아체의 생장이 늦춰지는 것으로 나타났다. 구리의 농도가 증가함에 따라 발아율, 발아체의 생장 및 세포수 모두 급격하게 감소하였으며, 납농도에 상관없이 구리 1 ppm은 구멍갈파래의 생식세포와 발아체 생장 또는 생존에 치명적으로 작용하는 것으로 나타났다.

Keywords

References

  1. J. Phycol. v.11 Effects of low nitrogen levels and various nitrogen sources on growth and whole development in Acetabularia (Chlorophyta) Adamich M;A Gibor;BM Sweeney
  2. Mar. Eco. Prog. Ser. v.68 Copper toxicity to microscopic stages of giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera: interpopulation comparisons and temporal variability Anderson BS;JW Hunt;SL Turpen;AR Coulom;M Martin
  3. Sov. Plant Physiol. v.17 Dependence of nitrogen metabolism on conditions of phosphorus nutrition and the form of nitrogen fertilization in winter rye plants Bezlyudnyi NN;OA Belenkevich
  4. Lamour. Mar. Environ. Res. v.19 The effects of copper on the fine structure of the kelp Laminaria saccharina (L.) Brinkhuis BH;IK Chung
  5. Adv. Mar. Biol. Ecol. v.23 Population and community ecology of seaweeds Chapman ARO
  6. Master plant for environment conservation Cho KD
  7. Mar. Pollut. Bull. v.17 Copper effects in early stages of the kelp, Laminaria Saccharina Chung IK;BH Brinkhuis
  8. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. v.56 An assesment of the basis of mercury tolerance in Dunaliella tertiolecta Davies AG
  9. J. Phycol. v.18 Effects of light and temperature on net photosynthesis and dark respiration of gametophytes and eubryonic sporophytes of Macrocystis pyrifera Fain SF;SN Murray
  10. Hydrobiologia v.116 The effect of light on the growth and development of giant kelp Fei XG;M Neushul
  11. Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol. v.13 Nitrogen nutrition and metabolic patterns in algae Fogg GE
  12. Am. J. Bot. v.29 Inhibitory effects of inorganic compounds on photosynthesis Chlorella Greenfield SS
  13. Ph. D. Thesis. University of Liverpool Effect of visible light and UV radiation on early sporophytes of species of the Laminariales Han T
  14. Kor. J. Phycol. v.9 Sample size determination for estimating growth rate of early sporophytes of laminaria hyperborea (Phaeophyta) Han T.
  15. Eur. J. Phycol. v.31 Effect of photon irradiance and photoperiod on young sporophytes of four species of the Laminariales Han T;JM Kain
  16. Can. J. Bot. v.51 Environmental control of gametogenesis in laminaria saccharina. Ⅱ . Correlation of nitrate and phosphate concentrations with gametogenesis and selected metabolites Hsiao SIC;LD Druehl
  17. The physiological ecology of phytoplankton The role of trace metals in regulating phytoplankton growth Huntsman SA;WG Sunda;Morris I.(ed.)
  18. Optical Oceanography Jerlow NG
  19. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. v.44 Aspects of the biology of Laminaria hyperborean. III. Survival and growth of gametophytes Kain JM
  20. Technology, biological functions and applications v.Ⅱ Phosphate in life processes. Phosphorus and its compounds Katchman BJ;Van Wazer J.R.
  21. J. Biochem. Purification and some properties of spinach plastocyanin Katoh S;I Shiratori;A Takemura
  22. Kor. J. Environ. Biol. v.17 Effects of inorganic nutrients and heavymetals on growth and pigmentation of the green alga, Ulva pertusa Kjellman Kim JK;T Han
  23. Link. Kor. J. Env. Biol. v.10 The combined effects of irradiance and salinity, and temperature and salinity on germination and zoosporogenesis of Enteromorpha intestinalis (L.) Kim KY;IK Lee;CI Choi
  24. Mar. Biol. v.93 Phosphorus- and nitrogen-limited photosynthesis and growth of Gracilaria tikvahiae (Rhodophyceae) in the Florida Keys:an experimental field study Lapointe BE
  25. Kor. J. Phycol. v.4 effects of copper on the early stages of Undaria pinnatifida (Harv.) Suringar (Laminariales, Phaeophyta) under Temperature-irradiance gradient Lee JA;YI Sunwoo;HJ Lee;IH Park;IK Chung
  26. American Naturalist v.116 The evolution of thallus form and survival strategies in benthic marine macroalgae: Field and laboratory tests of a functional form model Littler MM;Littler DS
  27. J. Phycol. v.16 Critical levels of light and temperature regulating the gametogensis of three Laminaria species (Phaeophyceae) Luning K.
  28. The biology of the seaweeds Light Luning K.;Lobban C.S.(ed.);Wynne M.J.(ed.)
  29. Jpn. J. Phycol. v.36 Comparative studies on critical light condition for young Eisenia bicyclis and Ecklonia cana Maegawa M;W Kida;Y Yokohama;Y Aruga
  30. Leningr. Univ. Ser. Biol. Influence of lack of some mineral nutrients on biochemical composition of Chlorella vestn Maslov YI
  31. Korea Environmental Yearbook Ministry of Environment Republic of Korea
  32. Environmental Statistics Yearbook Ministry of Environment Republic of Korea
  33. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. v.131 Rapid zoobenthic community responses to accumulation of drifting algae Norkko A;E Bonsdorff
  34. Jpn. J. Phycol. v.36 Photosynthesis measurements with blade segments of brown algae, Ecklonia cana Kjellman and Eisenia bicyclis Setchell Sakanishi Y;Y Yokohama;Y Aruga
  35. Bot. Mag. Seasonal changers of photosynthetic activity of a brown alga Ecklonia cana Kjellman Sakanishi Y;Y Yokohama;Y Aruga
  36. Z. Pflanzenphysiol v.98 Copper deficiency and toxicity in Secenedesmus Sandmann G;P Boger
  37. Hydrobiol. v.63 Certain metals in three coastal algae from Ras Beirut waters Sieber JG;T Shatila
  38. Phycologia v.16 Effect of lead on the growth of the four species of red algas Stewart JG
  39. J. Mar. Res. v.34 The relationship between cupric ion activity and the toxicity of copper to phytoplankton Sunda W;RRL Guillard
  40. Bull. Mar. Sci. v.27 Effects of copper on the dominance and the diversity of algae: Controlled ecosystempollution experiment Thomas WH;DLR Siebert
  41. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. v.2 Toxicity of a mixture of ten metals to phytoplankton Thomas WH;JJ Hollibaugh;DLR Seibert;GT Wallace Jr
  42. Sov. Plant Physiol. v.15 Growth and chemical composition of Chlorella pyrenoidosa in absence of nitrogen Trunkhin NV
  43. Arch Biochem. Biophys. v.46 Inorganic micronutrient requirements of Chlorella. I. Requirements for calcium (or strontium), copper, and molybdenum Walker JB
  44. Br. Phycol. J. v.10 The effects of light and temperature on settlement and germination of Entermorpha Woodhead P;B Moss