• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.307-315
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this work was to study the differences of cyclooxygenase (COX-2) expression between Korean and Caucasian patients with early-onset breast carcinoma by immunohistochemistry. The test were analyzed to find a correlation between COX-2 and other biomarkers including HER-2/neu amplification, because we previously reported that a significant difference had been found in the expression of HER-2/neu between the two races. Furthermore, we investigated prognostic significance of COX-2 in korean patients. Materials and Methods: Sixty Korean women who were diagnosed breast carcinoma at 45 years old or younger and 60 Caucasian women with breast carcinoma were selected for this study. The median age of both groups was 37 years and tumor sizes were distributed evenly between the two group. Paraffin embedded blocks of primary tumor were processed for immunohistochemical staining of COX-2. The COX-2 expression was evaluated according to the percentage of positive cells and the intensity of staining. And the results were compared with the data of the previous studies to find correlation between COX-2 and other parameters and survival data. Results: Proportion of the COX-2 expression in total patients was $27.6\%$. The percentage of tumors that stained positive for COX-2 in korean and Caucasian women with early-onset breast carcinoma were $37.9\%$ and $20.8\%$, respectively. The difference was statistically not significant(p=0.090). Expression of COX-2 was not associated with several clinicopathologic parameters including HER-2/neu overexpression, but negative estrogen receptor status was correlated with significance (p=0.046). The 5 year disease free survival rate for patients with COX-2 expression was $67.9\%$, compared to $81.9\%$ of the COX-2 negative patients and the result was statistically not significant. Conclusions : A significant difference was not found in the expression of COX-2 between the two groups of patients with early-onset breast carcinoma. And correlation between COX-2 and other parameters was not observed except estrogen receptor negativity. Large scaled further research including radiotherapy factors will be needed to identify COX-2 as a prognostic role in patients with early-onset breast carcinoma.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-17
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• 2005

Objective : This empirical research is performed to recognize diagnostic concept, pattern identification, and clinical features of Hwa-byung. In other words, the aims of this research are to examine the differences of the diagnosis between Hwa-Byung and the other psychiatric disorders, and to find out pattern identification, and clinical characteristics of Hwa-Byung for prescriptions of this syndrome. Method : In the experiment, there were participated 30 patients who were met for our criterions according to HBDIS (Hwa-Byung Diagnostic interview Schedule). These patients were diagnosed as Axis1 according to criterions of DSM-IV with administering SCID-I. OMS-prime was utilized for finding out pattern identification of oriental medicine. Symptom Check List-90-Revision(SCL-90-R), Hemilton rating Scale for Depression(HRSD), Heart Rate Variability(HRV), and Digital Infrared Thermographic imaging(D.I.T.I.) were also utilized to discover clinical characteristics of Hwa-Byung Patients. Results : 1. Regarding Sex-ratio, male subjects were 3(10%), and female subjects are 27(90%). The age of subjects ranged from 22 year old to 75 $(51.87{\pm}11.04;\:Mean{\pm}SD)$ 2. In the results of diagnosis on the basis of DSM-IV, the 17(56.67%) patients were MOD (Major Depressive Disorder), the 5(16.67%) patients were USD (Undifferentiated Somatoform Disorder), the 4(13.33%) patients were Dysthymic Disorder, the 3(10%) patients were GAD (Generalized Anxiety Disorder), and the 1(3.33%) was Panic Disorder. Two of the patients who diagnosed as MOD were diagnosed as Panic Disorder too, and one of them was diagnosed as Pain Disorder too. 3. Regarding pattern identification, Hwa-Byung is positively correlated to deficiency of Heart(心). and then to stagnancy of Liver-Gall bladder. Hwa-Byung is correlated deficiency symptom-complex rather than excessiveness symptom-complex. That is also correlated positively to Pathological heat and fire. 4. In SCL90-R, the mean of PSDI was $(75.3{\pm}10.7;\:Mean{\pm}SD)$. The each mean of the other 11 factors was distributed between50-70. 5. The mean of HRSD was $(17.9{\pm}5.6;\:Mean{\pm}SD)$ in the entire subject's group. Then the group of MDD was $20.9{\pm}4.4$ and the group of USD was $12.0{\pm}4.8$ 6. In the results of HRV. the mean of TP is $972.4{\pm}1174(Mean{\pm}SD)$, this is lower than normal range 1000-200. The other factors were within normal range. Then, there were no significant differences between them (p<0.05). 7. The temperatures of each acupoint have significant differences between HNl(印堂) and PC6(內關), between CV17(顫中) and PC6(內關), between HN1(印堂) and CV8(神闕), between CV17(顫中) and CV8(神闕) in comparison with the average of body temperature in the use of D.I.T.I. (p<0.01) 8. In the analysis of correlation between SCL-90-R, HRSD, HRV. and D.I.T.I. there were no significant results. According to results that the correlation was analyzed with only the MDD group as subjects, there was negative correlation between RMSSD of HRV and HRSD, between LF of HRV and PDSIof SCL-90-R, and between LF/HF of HRV and ANX, PSY, and PDSI of SCL-90-R. Conclusion : In the observation of clinical features of 30 cases of Hwa-Byung patients by using diverse structured tests, there could make diverse diagnosis as depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and Somatoform Disorder. Particularly. MDD was highly distributed. Considering oriental medicine's pattern identification of Hwa-Byung, this syndrome is related strongly to Heart, and there were demonstrated deficiency symptom-complex, and Pathological heat and fire. One of the limits of this study is lack of control subject's group, therefore, in the future study, it requires reexamination through a comparative research with these data to complete this study.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.28-36
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• 2018

Studies on suspected endocrine disrupting pesticide (EDP) residues in agricultural products were carried out in 2016 in Busan, Korea. Twelve different EDPs, ranging in concentration between 0.003-2.049 mg/kg, were detected in 19.5% of 462 samples. About 0.2% of agricultural product samples exceeded the maximum residue limits (MRLs). Risk indices of all of the EDPs were less than 10% of the acceptable daily intake (ADI). The outcomes indicated that the risk groups at highest risk of exposure to diazinon (found in Korean cabbages) and carbendazim (found in apples) were females aged 40 to 49 and young males less than 10 years old, respectively. Based on the stochastic assessment at $95^{th}$ percentile (P95), risk index in these risk groups accounted for 8.38 and 2.98% of ADIs. The results showed that the occurrence of EDP residues in agricultural products could not be considered a public health problem.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.505-511
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• 2008

The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary mugwort on the proximate composition, volatile basic nitrogen (VBN), thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and fatty acid in chicken meats. One hundred sixty broiler chicks (1 d old) were assigned to one or four dietary groups: Control; commercial feed supplemented with 1% mugwort (T1); commercial feed with 3% mugwort (T2) and commercial feed with 5% mugwort (T3). After 42 d, broilers from each group were slaughtered and meat samples were vacuum packaged and stored at $4{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ over a period of 0, 1,2,3, and 4 wk. Chicken breast was not influenced by all treatments in moisture, crude protein and crude fiber, while crude fat was lowered (p<0.05) in chickens fed with the T2 and T3 diets compared to the control and T1 diets. All treatments with mugwort diets tended to have decreased VBN values for chicken breast and thigh compared to control. As storage time increased, VBN was increased for all chickens (p<0.05). No significant differences in TBARS were observed among all treatments at 0 wk. TBARS values were reduced with the T2 and T3 diets and initially increased from 0 through 3 wk, then abruptly decreased at 4 wk. Dietary mugwort supplementation resulted in increased stearic acid (excepted T2) and oleic acid and decreased linoleic acid. Stearic acid in thigh meat was decreased in the T1, T2 and T3, however linoleic acid levels tended to increase with mugwort powder supplementation. It is concluded that dietary mugwort has a positive effect on increasing unsaturated fatty acid contents and decreasing saturated fatty acids.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.449-457
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• 2010

This study investigated the effects of three kinds of water extract mixtures each with different ratios of A. capillaris, C. sinensis, S. chinensis, and V. coloratum on laying performance, egg quality, blood characteristics, and egg storage stability in laying hens. One hundred and sixty 35-wk-old laying hens (Hy-line brown) were divided into four groups of 10 birds each replicated times four. The treatments involved a basal diet (C, control) or diets containing three kinds of water extract mixtures at 200 ppm (T1, water extract mixture A; T2, water extract mixture B; T3, water extract mixture C). The egg production rate, egg mass, and feed conversion ratio were significantly improved in all treatments compared to those of control (p<0.05). Haugh unit and egg yolk color in all treated groups were significantly improved in comparison with control (p<0.05), but no significant differences were observed for egg shell quality. The content of total cholesterol in blood serum was significantly decreased in all treatments compared to that of control (p<0.05). The blood biochemical parameters of liver and kidney damage were significantly decreased in all treatments compared to those of control (p<0.05). Total antioxidant activity in the blood serum of all treated groups was increased as well. The Haugh unit and malondialdehyde content in the egg yolk during storage were significantly decreased in all treated groups compared to control (p<0.05). Consequently, the dietary supplementation of water extract mixtures of A. capillaris, C. sinensis, S. chinensis, and V. coloratum improved laying performance and egg quality but decreased egg quality deterioration with increased storage. These results suggest that medicinal plant extracts could be used as a feed additive in feed for laying hens.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.91-104
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• 2001

This study on the some urban salaried workers' eating habits was performed according to age, sex, and occupation. The results were as follows: 1. The subjects of Pusan amount to 14.2%, Yosu 25.3%, Changwon 26.8%, Chinju 13%, and Inchon 20.7%. The proportion of women to men is 29.5% to 60.5%. The subjects in there twenties and thirties were 40.4%, those in there forties and fifties 26.9%. 2. 84.6% of the subjects had breakfast regularly(p＜0.005). It turned out that males enjoyed breakfast more than females. The main reason for skipping breakfast was the shortage of appetite. 3. Over 80% of subjects enjoyed Korean food for breakfast. 4. Most subjects usually ate lunch at the cafeteria. They enjoyed stew and usually paid ￦3,500-4,000 for lunch(p＜0.005). 5. 71.8% of subjects always had dinner(p＜0.005). Younger people under 20 skipped dinner sometimes as a means of weight control. 6. 60% of subjects enjoyed eating out for dinner once or twice a week(p＜0.005). Women ate out more than men, and the young ate out more than the old. People aged 30 to 40 ate out most frequently. 7. The subjects thought dinner was the most important dish, followed by lunch and then breakfast. 8. 66.6% of subjects had meat once or twice a week(p＜0.01). 13.8% under 20 didn't eat meat at all as a means of weight control. Women enjoyed meat more than men. The reasons for not consuming meat were a dislike and insufficient financial resources. According to the survey, most urban salaried workers had breakfast and dinner regularly, preferred Korean food for breakfast, had lunch from mass food supplies, enjoyed eating out once or twice a week, and women ate out more frequently than men. This study includes that it helps to develop the right eating habits and provide a more balance and varied diet.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.356-363
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the viability of periodontal ligament cells in rat teeth using slow cryo-preservation method under pressure by means of MTT assay and WST-1 assay. Eighteen teeth of Sprague-Dawley white female rats of 4 week-old were used for each group. Both sides of the first and second maxillary molars were extracted as atraumatically as possible under Tiletamine anesthesia. The experimental groups were group 1 (Immediate control), group 2 (Cold preservation at $4^{\circ}C$for 1 week), group 3 (Slow freezing), group 4 (Slow freezing under pressure of 3 MPa). F-medium and 10% DMSO were used as preservation medium and cryo-protectant. For cryo-preservation groups, thawing was performed in $37^{\circ}C$water bath, then MTT assay and WST-1 assay were processed. One way ANOVA and Tukey method were performed at the 95% level of confidence. The values of optical density obtained by MTT assay and WST-1 were divided by the values of eosin staining for tissue volume standardization. In both MTT and WST-1 assay, group 4 showed significantly higher viability of periodontal ligament cells than group 2 and 3 (p < 0.05), but showed lower viability than immediate control group. By the results of this study, slow cryo-preservation method under pressure suggests the possibility for long term cryo-preservation of the teeth.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.67-74
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• 2010

Law-protected trees are our precious asset as natural resources with history and tradition and natural heritage which should be protected and maintained well to bequeath next generation. Law-protected trees have not only thremmatologic and genetic meaning but also environmental and emotional meaning for their value to be high. This study investigated location, vitality, wrapping condition of root area and status of maintenance of the trees to figure out their growth environment and status of maintenance in a small-middle city through survey on those of law-protected trees in Je-cheon. There showed 300 more year old trees in Je-cheon mostly and the number of trees located in flat fields was the highest. For location type, village, hill and road types were presented in the order and for degree of development, land for building was found most frequently. The average electric resistance of the formative layer was measured to be $8.4k{\Omega}$ and four trees showed bark separation. Most law-protected trees underwent tree surgery, and complete bareness of root area was observed in a tree. The root area of two trees was covered with concrete. pH of soil was recorded to be 5.0~8.4 with its average of 7.1 and electric conductivity(EC) was less than 0.5 dS/m. For status of maintenance rearing facilities were placed for 16 trees out of totally 48 ones and stone fence was done for three ones. Tree surgery was conducted for 33 trees to prevent and to treat decomposed parts of holes. Direction boards were installed for 23 trees. Based on these results, measures to manage systematically law-protected trees in Jecheon could be suggested as follows. First, a sufficient space for growth of low part of trees should be secured. Second, a voluntary management should be induced by advertising them to residents in a community. Third, rearing facilities and direction boards of law-protected trees should be placed and related education should be conducted. Fourth, through operation of the department for law-protected trees consisting of related professions and cooperation among related departments the trees should be maintained continuously.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.958-964
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• 2004

This study examined the effects of maternal calcium intake levels on mineral metabolism during pregnancy and lactation. Five week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed normal Ca (NCa, 0.5%) and low Ca (LCa, 0.15%) diets for 5 weeks during preconception. The low Ca intake group was divided into three groups and fed low Ca (0.15%), normal Ca (0.5%) and high Ca (1.5%) diets for 6 weeks during pregnancy and lactation. All of the rats were mated with normal male rats. The control group was consistently fed a normal Ca diet for 11 weeks. Pups were adjusted to 10 per dam. After weaning, dams and their weaned rats were sacrificed. We measured total protein, albumin, alkaline phosphatase and mineral content in serum and weight, length, breaking force, ash and mineral content in bone and kidney. There was no significant difference in weight gain and food intake among the groups. Serum total protein and albumin were in the normal range but slightly decreased with a low Ca diet during preconception. Calcium supplementation above normal level increased bone weight, Ca content and breaking force in femur of maternal and their weaned rats. However, high maternal Ca intake significantly decreased Mg and Fe contents in maternal serum and bone and Mg and Zn contents in serum of weaned rats. Also, it induced Ca, P and Mg deposit in maternal kidney. Our experimental results suggest that Ca deficiency during preconception may deteriorate bone status of mother and their offsprings. Moreover, high Ca supplementation during pregnancy and lactation may lead to disturb mineral metabolism in bone and other tissues.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.841-846
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of laminaran from Eisenia bicyclis on serum lipid composition of rats fed high fat and cholesterol diets. Fourty male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing $70{\pm}2.5g$ of 4 weeks old were fed experimental diets for 6 weeks with high fat diet consisting of basal diet plus cholesterol (1%) and lard (10%) for the inducement of hyperlipidemia. The effect of laminaran supplements via drinking waters on serum lipid composition of rat were investigated for 5 weeks by administration of experimental diet group fed basal diet only as normal group, control group fed high fat diet, LL group fed high fat diet plus 0.25% laminaran containing water, and LH group fed high fat diet plus 0.5% laminaran containing water, respectively. As a results of experiments, it was found that LL and LH groups showed significant (p<0.05) decrease in body weight gain and liver weight as compared with control and it may caused by decreased FER. The weight of cecum and adipose tissue (EFP) of LL group showed a significantly (p<0.05) decreased patterns compared with control. It was also found that LL and LH diet groups affects the intestinal length and transit time of rat as significantly (p<0.05) increased in length of intestine and decreased in transit time. In addition, LL and LH diet groups showed a dramatic decrease in triglyceride, total and LDL-cholesterol, and significant increase in HDL-cholesterol compared with control diet group, by which results in decreased in AI. These results indicate that crude laminaran from Eisenia bicyclis has a strong hyperlipidemic and hypercholesterolemic activities in rat fed high fat and cholesterol diet.