• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.289-298
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• 2013

The purposes of this article are understanding the meaning of yin deficiency interpreted with a perspective of Traditional Korean Medicine and a modern perspective a study and assigning modern diseases to yin deficiency pattern types. Clinical papers were searched in China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI) from 1995 to 2013. Results are as follows. First, yin deficiency written in the "Neijing" has been understood in many ways. It is translated such as deficiency of yin qi, inner qi, essence, cubit pulse, yin meridians qi, viscera yin and kidney. Second, yin deficiency pattern are related with disorders of the endocrine system, immunity, energy metabolism, blood circulation, cytokine, microelements, lipid metabolism and capability of getting rid of oxygen free radicals. Third, from pattern types, diverse diseases classified in types involving the heat from yin deficiency, which reflects pathologic conditions of deficiency heat which is distinct characteristics of yin deficiency pattern. Various diseases classified in types related with liver or kidney are reported, which reflects two viscera are more related with yin deficiency than other viscera. Fourth, levels of pattern types surveyed are more specific than Korean Standard Classification of Diseases(KCD) and specific enough to be applied clinically. This article surveyed the categories of modern diseases yin deficiency pattern types is assigned to but the detailed relation between them will be necessary to be studied in the future.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.299-304
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• 2018

The aim of this study to distinguish Yin-Deficiency and Blood-Deficiency in Donguibogam To Investigate the Donguibogam Hu-Ro Sector "Yin-Deficiency Medication" and other parts and associating Herb(Bencao) In Donguibogam Hu-Ro Sector "Yin-Deficiency Medication", Yin-Deficiency is divided Blood-Deficiency and Em Hu Hwa Dong. But Si Wu Tang treating Blood-Deficiency be used at Em Hu Hwa Dong and Da Bu Yin Wan treating Em Hu Hwa Dong be used at Blood-Deficiency. But in the use of each Herb(Bencao), Yin-Deficiency Medicine and Blood-Deficiency Medicine are distinguised. One can understand that Donguibogam's use of prescription might not distinguish Yin-Deficiency and Blood-Deficiency, But each Herb(Bencao) distinguish those conceptions. Because each view is both meaningful, choosing of view in accordance with the purpose of treatment is necessary for successful clinical trial.

• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.63-74
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• 2014

Objectives The purpose of this study was to survey the current status of use of questionnaires for evaluating Yin Deficiency Syndrome and analyze the comparison with questionnaires. Methods We searched online medical databases to find domestic/international articles using questionnaires for evaluating intensity of Yin Deficiency Syndrome. Finally 18 articles were collected to be reviewed and they were classified according to their subjects and type of the Questionnaires. Results Out of 18 articles, 11 were based on the Yin-Deficiency Questionnaire (Yin-DQ) and the others used various questionnaires, except the Yin-DQ, for assessing Yin Deficiency Syndrome. In Korea the Yin-DQ was used widely but in foreign countries, for instance, China, Taiwan, a variety of questionnaires were used. Conclusion The Yin-DQ had a wider use in assessing Yin Deficiency Syndrome, but cut-off score for diagnostic criteria was not defined. Therefore, we decided that the YDS (Yin Deficiency Scale) with cut-off score was more suitable for screening patients with Yin Deficiency Syndrome. Moreover, we suggested that additional studies on using the YDS and developing more appropriate diagnostic tool should be conducted to improve diagnostic objectivity.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.68-78
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• 2012

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between Yin-deficiency questionnaire score and various biofunctional signals in women. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed on charts of 195 patients who visited Gangdong Kyung Hee Hospital between April 1st and September 30th, 2011. The subjects were categorized into two groups, a low Yin-deficiency group (n=118) and a high Yin-deficiency group (n=77). The authors analyzed the correlation between Yin-deficiency questionnaire score and biofunctional signals by Pearson's correlation coefficient test and the difference in biofunctional signals between the two groups by independent samples t-test using SPSS for windows. Results: 1. Negative correlations were observed between the temperature difference of back-humerus, standard deviation of all R-R intervals (SDNN), total power (TP), low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF) on heart rate variability parameters, and Yin-deficiency questionnaire score. A positive correlation was observed between the temperature difference of knee-humerus and Yin-deficiency questionnaire score. 2. The temperature difference of back-humerus in the high Yin-deficiency group was significantly higher than that in the low Yin-deficiency group. The temperature difference of knee-humerus, height, waist-hip ratio, SDNN, TP, LF, and HF of the high Yin-deficiency group were significantly lower than those of the low Yin-deficiency group. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that the comprehensive diagnosis of Yin-deficiency and biofunctional signals is useful.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.71-84
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• 2011

Purpose: To evaluate the correlation of MRS, MENQOL, HRV, Yin-Deficiency Questionnaire and the clinical use of Yin-Deficiency Questionnaire by comparison with MRS, MENQOL, and HRV. Methods: The participants were 21 women(44-58yr) with hot flush who were not currently on hormone therapy. The evaluating index of this trial are MRS, MENQOL, HRV, Yin-Deficiency Questionnaire. Results: The MRS and the MENQOL were significantly correlated with each other. The MRS and the HRV(LF/HF ratio) were significantly correlated with each other. The MENQOL and the HRV(LF/HF ratio) were significantly correlated with each other. The MRS somatic subscale and the Yin-Deficiency Questionnaire were significantly correlated with each other. The MENQOL and the Yin-Deficiency Questionnaire were significantly correlated with each other. The Yin-Deficiency Questionnaire and the HRV(LF/HF ratio) were significantly correlated with each other. Conclusions: The Yin-Deficiency Questionnaire is a valuable tool of oriental medicine for assessment of symptoms. The Yin-Deficiency Questionnaire were significantly correlated with the MRS somatic subscale, the MENQOL and the HRV(LF/HF ratio). Yin-Deficiency Questionnaire could serve as an adequate diagnostic instrument of oriental medicine for menopausal syndrome. Further large-scale study is needed for evaluation of the correlation of these measurements related with Menopausal syndrome and the clinical use of Yin-Deficiency Questionnaire.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.346-354
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• 2014

The study was performed to determine the reliability and validity of the 'Qi Blood Yin Yang Deficiency Questionnaire (Qi Blood Yin Yang DQ)' for the 100 subjects with chronic fatigue. After 100 subjects respond to the 'Qi Blood Yin Yang DQ', Korean medical doctor classified the subjects into 4 groups such as Qi deficiency group, Blood deficiency group, Yin deficiency group and Yang deficiency group. 100 subjects were retested in the same way after 3 weeks. The reliability and the validity of the questionnaire were inspected. Internal consistency of the 'Qi Blood Yin Yang DQ' was excellent (Cronbach alpha 0.916). Test-retest reliability was good (intra-class correlation coefficient 0.699). Construct validity analyzed by exploratory factor analysis produced 4 factors, which were selected from eigenvalues that are greater than 1.0. The 'Qi Blood Yin Yang DQ' consisted of 4 factors. The factor 1, 2, 3 and 4 showed 'Qi deficiency', 'Yin deficiency', 'Yang deficiency' and 'Blood deficiency' respectively. The 'Qi Blood Yin Yang DQ' restructured in this study may provide a fundamental questionnaire and a further study is required for a more advanced, standardized and statistically proven questionnaire.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.29-45
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• 2014

Objective : The interpretation of 'yang-deficiency and yin-prosperity, yang-prosperity and yin-deficiency in cold diseases' from Nangyeong has been various until now. For further understanding Nangyeong, the exact interpretation of this phrase has been required. Methods : Collect the contents that are related this phrase from the commentary of Nangyeong, Sanghannon(傷寒論), and other traditional Chinse and Korean medical books. Based on analyzing them, compare Nangyeong with Sanghannon. Results : The meaning of Yin-Yang in the phrase have 5 viewpoints, except one that this phrase is not correct. If the phrase is interpreted according to Sanghanseorye(傷寒序例), the valid interpretation is that yin-yang has two different meaning in the one phrase. Conclusion : 'Yang-deficiency and yin-prosperity' from Nangyeong goes for the outer symptoms of Taeyangbyeong(太陽病) in cold diseases, yang-prosperity and yin-deficiency from it goes for the inner symptoms of Yangmyeongbyeong(陽明病) in cold diseases.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.13-24
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• 2013

Objectives: The aims of this study were to investigate the availability of diagnosis of Yin-deficiency in the elderly with xerostomia and factors influencing subjective oral dryness. Methods: We surveyed 50 patients recruited by the clinical trial, 'Efficacy of Yukmijihwang-tang on Xerostomia in the Elderly: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Two-center Trial'. The subjects were assessed on their subjective oral dryness using the Dry Mouth Symptom Questionnaire (DMSQ). Their salivary functions were measured by Unstimulated Salivary Flow Rate (USFR) measurements. In addition, the subjects were evaluated on their Qi-stagnation and Yin-deficiency conditions using the Qi-stagnation questionnaire and Yin-deficiency questionnaire. Results: There were statistically significant correlations between three variables (USFR, DMSQ score and Qi-stagnation score) and Yin-deficiency score. In the multiple regression analysis, the regression model was statistically significant (F = 10.273, p < .001). The factor most strongly influencing the subjective oral dryness was USFR (${\beta}$ = -0.386). Yin-deficiency had the next strongest impact on the subjective oral dryness (${\beta}$ = 0.371). Qi-stagnation affected the subjective oral dryness weakly (${\beta}$ = 0.075). In the simple regression analysis, Yin-deficiency had a statistically significant effect on each of six subscales of DMSQ (p < .01). Among the six subscales, DMSQ-1 ('Oral dryness at night or on awakening') was the most strongly influenced by Yin-deficiency. Conclusions: The results of this study show that the diagnosis of Yin-deficiency in the elderly with xerostomia was available and Yin-deficiency was an important factor influencing the subjective oral dryness. Therefore, the consideration of Yin-deficiency is significant for diagnosis and treatment in the elderly with xerostomia.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.103-109
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• 2009

It was described in "Somun Jogyeongron" that Eum(Yin)-Yang' deficiency, excess and exuberance. According to "Somun Jogyeongron", It was known that the syndrome of Yang deficiency and exuberance is belong to external contraction, Eum deficiency and exuberance is belong to internal damage. The syndrome of Yang deficiency is belong to Gyejitang[contraction of wind] which constitutional weakness as the main etiological factor of deficiency conditions. The syndrome of Yang exuberance is belong to Mahwangtang[cold damage] which constitutional strong as the main etiological factor of exuberance conditions. Eum deficiency is so dysfunction of the spleen and stomach that Eum fluid and essence is not engender, distributed. So the dysfunction of spleen and stomach makes dampness-heat obstruction and then makes Internal heat at last. The syndrome of Eum deficiency is applicable to bojungikgitang. As contrasted with Eum deficiency, Eum exuberance is occurred cold-dampness obstruction, which we call 'Eum exuberance'. The syndrome of Yang exuberance is applicable to Ijungtang. In the light of "Somun Jogyongron", We explain that the syndrome of Yin deficiency and Yin exuberance, which was caused by dampness-heat, cold-dampness obstruction and internal damage based on disorder of the spleen and stomach.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.473-486
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• 2011

Objectives : This study was designed to investigate the clinical characteristics and usefulness of comprehensive diagnosis of Yin-deficiency and heart rate variability in patients with burning mouth syndrome (BMS). Methods : We surveyed 30 burning mouth syndrome patients visiting the Oral Diseases Clinic of Kyung Hee University Oriental Medicine Hospital from April to September of 2011. The subjects were evaluated on self-assessed severity of burning mouth syndrome and xerostomia using visual analogue scale (VAS) score and Yin-deficiency condition (based on the 10-item Yin-deficiency questionnaire). Salivary function was measured by the unstimulated salivary flow rate (USFR), and heart rate variability (HRV) parameters were recorded by SA-2000E (Medicore Co., Ltd., Korea). Results : There were substantial significant positive correlations between burning sensation VAS scores in mouth and Yin-deficiency scores. There was significant negative correlation between xerostomia VAS score and USFR. Compared to the normal range of total power (TP) in HRV parameters, the burning mouth syndrome patients showed significant lower values of TP. Conclusions : The results of this study suggest that comprehensive diagnosis of Yin-deficiecny and HRV parameters are useful in diagnosing of burning mouth syndrome patients. Therefore, we assume that improvement of Yin-deficiency condition can be a potentially effective way to treat burning mouth syndrome.